The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric.
Overview
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“a review of the psychology literature shows that nostalgia is just one type of time orientation and that there are five types of time orientation: past negative, past positive (nostalgia), present fatalistic, present hedonistic and future (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999
In the citing paper
“The past-negative perspective is marked by negative memories and feelings of bitterness and remorse, this perspective has been related to the development and maintenance of psychopathology.”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The past-positive perspective is characterized by strong ties to family and a sentimental view of the past, as well as higher levels of well-being and life satisfaction.”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“while the present-fatalistic perspective involves feeling trapped in the present and a sense of helplessness.”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The future-focused perspective involves being goal-oriented and having a strong sense of urgency, but it may also come at the expense of close relationships and leisure time [7–9].”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The present-hedonistic perspective prioritizes pleasure and often leads to risky behavior, addiction, and unhealthy lifestyles”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The negative view of the past correlates also with a wide spectrum of negative emotionality, including anxiety and depression (Stolarski, Matthews, Postek, Zimbardo, & Bitner, 2014;Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), anger and hostility (Stolarski, Zajenkowski, & Zajenkowska, 2016), low levels of self-esteem (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and life satisfaction (Zhang & Howell, 2011)”
From Narcissus locked in the past: vulnerable narcissism and the negative views of the past. (2021) · cites this paper as Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999
In the citing paper
“First, it supports the concept that people with a highly past negative perspective tend to retrieve from their memory events that are aversive and negative (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999).”
From Narcissus locked in the past: vulnerable narcissism and the negative views of the past. (2021) · cites this paper as Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654
Atance, C. M., & O'Neill, D. K. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01804-0 · Cited by 1,300
Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia
Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802303044 · Cited by 1,027
Grondin, S. (2010) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.72.3.561 · Cited by 1,108
Alternative Approaches for Studying Organizational Change
de Ven, A. H. V., & Poole, M. S. (2005) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840605056907 · Cited by 1,094
Metadata
- Authors
- Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N.
- ORCID
- Zimbardo, Philip G.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1271-1288
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4253063180
- Cited by
- 2,520
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 157 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 193 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 153 · 2018: 138 · 2017: 150 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- time perception, time perspective, individual differences, personality traits, time orientation, measurement validity, reliability statistics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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