How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Batcho (1995) Personal Nostalgia Inventory has good reliability (split-half r=0.78, p<.01; test-retest r=0.84, p<.01; Wildschut et al. (2006) alpha=0.88).

“Using the split half method she found that the scale had good reliability (r=0.78,p<.01).Using test retest method (administering this scale to the same individual twice, using an interval of one week), she found good correlation between the average rating across the twenty items (r=0.84,p<.01).”

• cites Batcho (1995) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wildschut et al. (2006) sourcePartly supported

  The Manipulation check section (p. 22) reports α = .88 for Wildschut et al.’s administration of Batcho’s Nostalgia Inventory, supporting that part of the claim. Our copy does not report the cited split-half correlation (r = .78) or one-week test–retest correlation (r = .84). (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Positive emotions evoked by memories of the deceased do not change over time, while the frequency of negative-emotion thoughts decreases over time but the frequency of pleasantness thoughts does not.

“Carnelly et al. (2006) found that the positive emotions that were evoked with the memories of the deceased did not change over time.Even though the frequency of thoughts that resulted in negative emotions decreased over time, the frequency of thoughts that resulted in pleasantness did not decrease over time.”

• cites Carnelly et al. (2006) sourceSupported

The quote only partly states this claim.

The statistical tests found support for nine of the ten research hypotheses.

“Structural equation model was run and the statistical tests found support for nine of the research hypotheses.”

May combine two claims.

The model explains 2.9% of the variance in emotional utility and 4.8% of the variance of familial utility.

“This model explains 2.9% of the variance in emotional utility and 4.8% of the variance of familial utility, which are both small.”

May combine two claims.

The model explains 43.7% of the variance of commitment and 74.7% of the variance in the intention to donate.

“Finally, this model explains 43.7% of the variance of commitment and 74.7%) of the variance in the intention to donate, which are both large.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The other endogenous constructs were impacted less significantly than personal nostalgia by eliminating Aging and Discontinuity.

“The other endogenous constructs were impacted less significantly.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The revised model with eight latent constructs (eliminating Aging and Discontinuity) shows reasonably good fit: X2(694)=1410, X2/df=2.03, CFI=0.92, IFI=0.93, TLI=0.92, GFI=0.87, RMSEA=0.045.

“The structural model shows reasonably good fit (%2 (694) = 1410, X 2/df=2.03,CFI=0.92,IFI=0.93,TLI=0.92,GFI=0.87,RMSEA=0.045).”

May combine two claims.

The revised model explains 2.9% of the variance in emotional utility, 5% of the variance of familial utility, 43.8% of the variance of commitment and 74.8% of the variance in the intention to donate.

“The model now explains 2.9% of the variance in emotional utility, 5% of the variance of familial utility, 43.8% of the variance of commitment and 74.8% of the variance in the intention to donate.”

May combine two claims.

The path coefficients for H8, H9, H10 are 0.279, 0.590, 0.865 respectively, and are significant.

“H8 H9 H10 0.279 0.590 0.865 ** significant at p<0.001 4.910** 10.472** 14.089** * significant atp<0.01”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perceived demonstrable benefits associated with charitable giving help persuade non-donors to become donors.

“The perceived demonstrable benefits (selfish gains like invitations to gala events (Kottasz, 2004)) associated with charitable giving helps to persuade non-donors to become donors.”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Personal nostalgia involves warmth and joy from remembering the past and a sense of loss that the past is no more.

“There is the warmth and the joy arising out of remembering the past but there is also a sense of loss that the past is no more (Holak and Havlena, 1998).”

• cites Holak and Havlena, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

People facing discontinuous life experiences tend to get more nostalgic and look to the past for stability.

“Those that face discontinuous life experiences tend to get more nostalgic and look to the past for a sense of stability (Mehta and Belk, 1991).”

• cites Mehta and Belk, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sargeant et al. (2006) summarized intrinsic determinants of giving under three categories: familial utility, emotional utility, and demonstrable utility.

“Sargeant et al. (2006) summarized the intrinsic determinants of giving under three categories: familial utility (benefits to family members either alive or in memoriam), emotional utility (emotions felt) and demonstrable utility (a direct economic benefit accruing to the giver like the chance to attend a performance, dinner, event etc).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Perceived demonstrable benefits do not impact commitment nor trust in the charitable organization.

“However, it does not impact commitment nor does it impact trust in the charitable organization (Sargeant et al., 2006).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Baby boomers are aging and becoming increasingly nostalgic.

“Since baby boomers are aging, they are becoming increasingly nostalgic (Unger et al., 1991)”

• cites Unger et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

NPOs that give donors a window to experience personal nostalgia are likely to benefit through stronger bonds with current donors and by attracting nongivers.

“NPOs that give the donor a window to experience personal nostalgia are likely to benefit through the creation of stronger bonds with current donors and by attracting nongivers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nostalgia evokes a poignant mixture of mental pain and joy.

“It evokes a poignant mixture of mental pain and joy (Freud, 1926;Akhtar, 1996).”

• cites Freud, 1926Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Akhtar, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Higher emotional utility and familial utility lead to greater commitment and greater giving to that charitable organization.

“The higher the emotional utility (emotions felt out of giving) and familial utility (link to family), the greater the degree of commitment and the greater the level of giving that would be exhibited by the donor to that charitable organization (Sargeant et al., 2006).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sargeant et al. (2006) suggest familial utility may be affected by nostalgia because desire for the situation experienced when a loved one was alive may influence giving in memory of that loved one.

“Sargeant et al. (2006) suggest that familial utility may actually be affected by nostalgia since desire for the situation experienced or perceived to have been experienced when a loved one was still alive may influence giving in memory of that loved one.”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

U.K. charities have also found it increasingly difficult to raise funds over the past 10 years.

“Over the past 10 years charities in the U.K. have also been finding it increasingly difficult to raise funds (Sargeant et al., 2000).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nostalgia evokes a variety of emotions.

“Academic work involving nostalgia has shown it to evoke a variety of emotions (Davis, 1979;Gardener, 1985).”

• cites Davis, 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gardener, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nostalgia can be a longing for a past not personally experienced, a 'lost past paradise'.

“it also represents a longing for a”

• cites Peters, 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stern, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nostalgia affects old and young alike.

“Nostalgia has been found to affect old and young alike (McCann, 1941)”

• cites McCann, 1941 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is increasing use of nostalgia in the marketing of consumer goods.

“There is an increasing use of nostalgia in the marketing of consumer goods (Baker and Kennedy, 1994).”

• cites Baker and Kennedy, 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sargeant et al. (2006) proposed a perceptual model of donor giving behavior showing significant linkages between emotional utility, familial utility and commitment, which drives donor giving.

“Recently, Sargeant et al. (2006) proposed a perceptual model of donor giving behavior which showed significant linkages between such perceptual dimensions as emotional utility (giving to feel better about oneself), familial utility (giving connected to a family member affected by the cause associated with the charity) and commitment which in turn was found to drive donor giving.”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There has been an increase in the number of charitable organizations.

“Thirdly, there has been an increase in the number of charitable organizations (Sargeant et al., 2000)”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most charitable giving is done by older adults, while the younger generation is less motivated to give.

“What is apparent in an examination of this literature is that most of the charitable giving is done by older adults (Mathur, 1996;Pharoah and Tanner, 1997), while the younger generation is less motivated to give (Sargeant et al., 2000).”

• cites Mathur, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pharoah and Tanner, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sargeant et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trust and commitment drive giving behavior.

“Trust and commitment also drive giving behavior (Sargeant and Lee, 2004).”

• cites Sargeant and Lee, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Developing continued bonds with the deceased is one means of coping with death and fosters continuity of identity.

“Bonnano and Kaltman (1999) argued that one of the means for coping with the death of an individual is to develop”

• cites Bonnano and Kaltman (1999) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Emotional engagement is key to donor commitment, and emotionally engaged donors are more likely to give to charity.

“Emotional engagement is key to donor commitment, and donors who are emotionally engaged are more likely to give to charity (Sarganet et al., 2006).”

• cites Sarganet et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Life Experiences Survey was tested among 345 respondents by Sarason et al. and was found to exhibit a reliability of 0.88 for the effect of negative events in life.

“This was tested among 345 respondents by Sarason et al. (1978) and was found to exhibit a reliability of 0.88 for the effect of negative events in life.”

• cites Sarason et al. (1978) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Personal nostalgia is influenced by many factors, including discontinuity, past experiences, loneliness, age and the recovery from grief.

“Personal nostalgia is influenced by many factors.They include discontinuity, past experiences, loneliness, age and the recovery from grief.”

May combine two claims.

As people aged they got more nostalgic and remembered the times of their youth with considerable nostalgia as they entered older stages in life.

“For example, Batcho (1995) found that as people aged they got more nostalgic and remembered the times of their youth with considerable nostalgia as they entered older stages in life.”

• cites Batcho (1995) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Among both younger and older adults loneliness is linked to negative affects including boredom, unhappiness, and dissatisfaction.

“Among both younger and older adults loneliness is linked to negative affects including boredom, unhappiness, and dissatisfaction (Perlman, Gerson, and Spinner, 1978).”

• cites Perlman, Gerson, and Spinner, 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Personal nostalgia serves as an anchor of continuity and identity during changing circumstances in life.

“It serves as an anchor of continuity and identity (Mehta and Belk, 1991) during changing circumstances in life (Noble and Walker, 1997).”

• cites Mehta and Belk, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Noble and Walker, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Commitment and trust are vital to create and maintain relationships.

“For this to happen, it is proposed that commitment and trust are vital to create and maintain relationships (Morgan and Hunt, 1994).”

• cites Morgan and Hunt, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recall of the past leads to the evoking of both happy and sad emotions.

“The recall of the past leads to the evoking of both happy and sad emotions (Bernsten and Rubin, 2002;Holak and Havlena, 1992).”

• cites Bernsten and Rubin, 2002;Holak and Havlena, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nostalgia is evoked by a variety of triggers.

“Nostalgia is evoked by a variety of triggers (Holbrook and Schindler, 2003;Schindler and Holbrook, 1993).”

• cites Holbrook and Schindler, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schindler and Holbrook, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Imagery plays an important role in reliving past experiences.

“Maclnnis and Price (1987) stated that imagery plays an important role in reliving past experiences.”

• cites Maclnnis and Price, 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Personal nostalgia helps to alleviate feelings of loneliness.

“It also helps to alleviate feelings of loneliness (Lomsky-Feder and Rapoport, 2000).”

• cites Lomsky-Feder and Rapoport, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

By making a donation in the memory of the deceased, the giver remembers the loved one and is provided a sense of continuity.

“Therefore, it appears that by making a donation in the memory of the deceased, the giver remembers the loved one and is provided a sense of continuity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are three phases of grief.

“A review of the literature on grief shows that there are three phases of grief (Goalder, 1985).”

• cites Goalder, 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Charitable giving is affected by commitment, which in turn is affected by trust and by emotional and familial utility, which are intrinsic, while trust is driven by organizational elements such as organizational professionalism and quality of communications, which are extrinsic.

“Looking to the work of Sargeant et al. (2006), charitable giving is affected by commitment, which in turn is affected by trust and by emotional and familial utility, which are intrinsic, while trust is driven by organizational elements such as organizational professionalism and quality of communications, which are extrinsic.”

• cites Sargeant et al. (2006) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The higher the emotional utility and familial utility, the greater the degree of commitment and the greater the level of giving that will be exhibited by the donor to that charitable organization.

“The higher the emotional utility and familial utility, the greater the degree of commitment and the greater the level of giving that will be exhibited by the donor to that charitable organization (Sargeant et al., 2006).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The personal nostalgia experience involves recalling experiences of the past and feeling the emotions of nostalgia.

“The personal nostalgia experience involves recalling experiences of the past and feeling the emotions of nostalgia (Holak and Havlena, 1992).”

• cites Holak and Havlena, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale was tested among 237 individuals and demonstrated good reliability (Alpha = 0.94).

“Russell et al. (1980) tested this scale among 237 individuals and it demonstrated good reliability (Alpha = 0.94).”

• cites Russell et al. (1980) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Men and women have different triggers for nostalgia.

“Researchers have also found that men and women have different triggers for nostalgia (Baker and Kennedy, 1994).”

• cites Baker and Kennedy, 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the context of giving to charity, NPOs that can assure continuity for donors facing discontinuity are likely to provide emotional benefits to the giver.

“It is argued that in the context of giving to charity NPOs that can assure continuity for donors facing discontinuity are likely to provide emotional benefits to the giver.”

May combine two claims.

Remembering the past makes a person feel warmth, joy and affection, but also sadness and loss that the past cannot be recreated.

“By remembering the past, the person feels warmth, joy and affection (Holak and Havlena, 1998), but at the same time, there is a feeling of sadness and loss with the realization that the past cannot be recreated.(Holak and Havlena, 1998).”

• cites Holak and Havlena, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Psychological Screening Inventory (Lanyon, 1970) is overly lengthy and was developed to measure psychiatric disorders, making it inappropriate for measuring loneliness in this study.

“The Psychological Screening Inventory (1970) is a 130item scale which measures alienation, social non conformity and discomfort.The focus of this scale was on measuring these conditions among those who face major psychiatric disorder.Since this scale is overly lengthy and was developed to measure psychiatric disorders, it was felt to be inappropriate for use in this study.”

• cites Lanyon (1970) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This study only retained the items of positive emotions for emotional utility.

“This study only retained the items of positive emotions, future studies could also look at the role of negative emotions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

77.7% of respondents had donated to that charitable organization over four times ever before.

“In terms of the number of times the respondents had donated to that charitable organization, 77.7% of the respondents in the sample indicated that they had given to that charitable organization over four times ever before (Table 45678).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

84% of respondents had done some college education or more.

“The respondents in the sample were educated, 84% having done some college education or more (Table 45).”

May combine two claims.

As individuals get lonely, they tend to think of the past and get nostalgic and fondly remember the days of the past.

“This implies that as individuals get lonely they tend to think of the past and tend to get nostalgic and fondly remember the days of the past.”

May combine two claims.

The model does a reasonably good job explaining and performs satisfactorily.

“The fit looks reasonably good, and we can say that the model does a reasonably good job explaining, so the indications are that the model performs satisfactorily.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

70.9% of respondents had made their last donations less than three months ago.

“In fact 70.9% of the respondents had made their donations less than three months ago (Table 456789).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Data checks indicated no major issues and the data appeared balanced.

“The check indicated that there were no major issues and the data appeared balanced.The data was also eyeballed for any issues on the respondent's demographic profile.The initial analysis showed that there were no major issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The racial profile of the respondents was skewed more towards Caucasians.

“The racial profile of the respondents was skewed more towards Caucasians (Table 4-4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are other factors that also influence personal nostalgia.

“It is evident there are other factors which also influence personal nostalgia and future studies may focus on capturing them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The balanced demographic profile of the sample enhances the generalizability of the study findings.

“The balanced demographic profile of the sample was encouraging as it enhances the generalizability of the study findings.”

May combine two claims.

The Batcho (1995) scale measures proneness to be nostalgic but does not measure the intensity of the personal nostalgia the respondent is experiencing.

“Firstly, this research uses the Batcho (1995) scale to measure the proneness to be nostalgic, but it does not measure the intensity of the personal nostalgia the respondent is experiencing.”

• cites Batcho (1995) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Familial Utility had a relatively low reliability (alpha=0.61) and no item deletion improved its alpha.

“In this analysis, loadings with standardized factor construct which had a relatively low reliability was Familial Utility (a=0.61).Additional analysis was run for the increase/decrease in the Cronbach's Alpha if any of the scale items were dropped for the items of familial utility.The analysis showed that there was no opportunity to increase the alpha as there was a drop in the alpha if any of the”

May combine two claims.

Online consumer panel surveys can produce more reliable data estimates than telephone surveys, are cheaper and less time consuming, and are a viable alternative for high-quality research.

“Braunsberger et al. (2007) found that survey data collected from an online consumer panel to be of good quality.They collected data from two waves of telephone surveys and web-panel surveys.They found that web panels can produce more reliable data estimates than telephone surveys.They also found that, web panels were cheaper and less time consuming to conduct than telephone surveys.They state that”

• cites Braunsberger et al. (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are scales that measure the proneness or propensity for an individual to be nostalgic.

“A review of the nostalgia literature has shown that there are scales that measure the proneness or propensity for an individual to be nostalgic (Holbrook, 1993, Batcho, 1995).”

• cites Holbrook, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Batcho, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The agency returned completed responses from 502 consumers who had donated money to charity in the last 12 months.

“The agency returned completed responses from 502 consumers who had donated money to charity in the last 12 months.”

May combine two claims.

As individuals experience discontinuity, they are likely to get nostalgic for the past because the past gives them a sense of security.

“As hypothesized, this means that as individuals experience discontinuity they are likely to get nostalgic for the past, as the past gives them a sense of security.”

May combine two claims.

Thinking of a deceased loved one likely makes the bereaved nostalgic about that person, which helps recovery from grief by maintaining continual bonds.

“Therefore, one can argue that while thinking of the loved one, the bereaved remembers the loved one and it is likely that he or she will get nostalgic about that person.This helps the recovery from grief, as the griever feels that he or she has continual bonds with the deceased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Ranganathan and Henley (2007) intention to donate scale showed good reliability (alpha=0.89) among 214 individuals.

“Ranganathan and Henley (2007) tested the four item intention to donate scale (Table 3-8) among 214 individuals and it showed good reliability (a=0.89).”

• cites Ranganathan and Henley (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Holbrook (1993) nostalgia scale is not a good measure of personal nostalgia because it primarily measures vicarious nostalgia.

“In fact Batcho (1998) argues that if we eliminate the items with small loadings, the Holbrook (1993) scale really only measures vicarious nostalgia.Hence, she argues that the Holbrook (1993) scale is not a good measure of personal nostalgia.”

• cites Batcho (1998) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Holbrook (1993) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

When remembering a deceased friend or relative, individuals get nostalgic about the times spent with the deceased loved one; as people cope with death, they seek solace in memories and get nostalgic.

“This supports the arguments made by this study that when remembering the deceased friend or relative, individuals get nostalgic about the times they have spent with the deceased loved one.As people cope with the death of a loved one they seek solace in the memories of the deceased and get nostalgic for the days spent with the deceased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current study used cross-sectional data.

“Lastly, the current study used cross sectional data, future researches may want to use experimental design to test the impact of nostalgic appeals on charitable giving.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Of 905 respondents who answered the first question, 505 (56%) qualified as having donated to charity in the last 12 months and continued the survey; 3 were removed for missing values.

“For the current project 905 respondents answered the first question and then 505 (56%) qualified as having donated to charity in the last 12 months and continued the entire survey (3 respondents were removed from the data for having missing values).”

May combine two claims.

The tested model shows that life stage factors (discontinuity, loneliness, recovery from grief, past experiences with charity) influence personal nostalgia, which provides emotional and familial utility, increasing commitment and intention to donate.

“This research has found that fife stage factors like: the discontinuity the donor is experiencing, the extent to which the donor is feeling lonely, recovering from grief, along with whether the donor has significant past experiences associated with the charity influence the donor's personal nostalgia.The donor's personal nostalgia in turn provides emotional utility and familial utility to the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sample had a balanced age breakdown with a mean age of 51 years.

“A detailed analysis of the respondents showed that there was a balanced age break down on age (see Table 4-1).The average age of the respondents was 51 years.”

May combine two claims.

The reliabilities of the latent constructs were: Intention to Donate 0.90, Commitment 0.82, Emotional Utility 0.88, Familial Utility 0.61, Personal Nostalgia 0.88, Loneliness 0.89.

“Construct Intention to Donate Reliability (a): 0.90 Commitment Reliability (a): 0.82 Emotional Utility Reliability (a): 0.88 Familial Utility Reliability (a): 0.61 Personal Nostalgia Reliability (a): 0.88 Loneliness Reliability (a) : 0.89”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Web-based consumer panels enable researchers to collect data from a wide range and types of participants.

“Fielding (2007) recognizes web based consumer panels for enabling researchers to leverage technology to collect data from a wide range and types of participants.”

• cites Fielding (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Higher emotional utility and familial utility lead to greater commitment and greater giving to the charitable organization.

“The higher the emotional utility (emotions felt out of giving) and familial utility (link to family), the greater the degree of commitment and the greater the level of giving that is exhibited by the donor to that charitable organization (Sargeant et al., 2006).”

• cites Sargeant et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The sample profile analysis confirmed the data was not skewed and had a good spread, so findings would be generalizable to the population.

“This analysis would help confirm that the data was not skewed.The sample was also analyzed for donation behavior.The amount donated, the type of charitable organization donated to and the frequency of donation to the concerned charitable organization was to be examined.This helped reconfirm that the data had a good spread and thus the findings would be generalizable to the population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The median gift amount was $40, with 46% donating less than $25 and 14% donating more than $150.

“The median gift amount was $40, with 46% of the respondents indicating donations of less than $25 and 14% with relatively large amounts (more than $150).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The model takes intention to donate as the proxy for giving behavior.

“Thirdly, this model takes the intention to donate as the proxy for giving behavior.”

May combine two claims.

Personal nostalgia results in emotional benefits for the donor and emotional engagement in the charitable giving context.

“Thus, as argued in chapter three, personal nostalgia results in emotional benefits for the donor.This finding is key as it confirms that even in the charitable giving context personal nostalgia results in emotional engagement with the donors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This study did not study the influence of personal nostalgia on the emotional engagement of non donors.

“Sixthly, this study did not study the influence of personal nostalgia on the emotional engagement of non donors.”

May combine two claims.

The number of donors declined by 1.3% in 2006 over 2005 and by 1.7% in the first half of 2007 over 2006.

“As per the Index of National Fundraising Performance of the Target Analysis Group (Association of Fundraising Professionals, 2007) the number of donors has declined by 1.3% in 2006 over 2005 and by 1.7% in the first half of 2007 over 2006.”

• cites Association of Fundraising Professionals, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As per Cohen (1992), in models using multiple independent variables, an effect size of 2% is considered small, around 15% is considered medium and 35% or more is considered large.

“As per Cohen (1992), in models using multiple independent variables, an effect size of 2% is considered small, around 15% is considered medium and 35% or more is considered large.”

• cites Cohen (1992) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These scales do not measure the intensity of the cognitive and emotional elements of the experience of personal nostalgia.

“However, these scales do not measure the intensity of the cognitive and emotional elements of the experience of personal nostalgia.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

High nostalgia prone consumers are more open to nostalgia appeals than low nostalgia prone individuals.

“Holbrook and Schindler (1991) concluded that high nostalgia prone consumers are more open to nostalgia appeals than low nostalgia prone individuals.”

• cites Holbrook and Schindler (1991)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nostalgia is just one type of time orientation, and there are five types of time orientation: past negative, past positive (nostalgia), present fatalistic, present hedonistic and future.

“a review of the psychology literature shows that nostalgia is just one type of time orientation and that there are five types of time orientation: past negative, past positive (nostalgia), present fatalistic, present hedonistic and future (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).”

• cites Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Time orientation influences how consumers think, act and behave, and influences values, behavior and emotions.

“Time orientation influences how consumers think, act and behave (Bergadaa 1990, Gonzalez andZimbardo, 1985), and influences values, behavior and emotions.”

• cites Bergadaa 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gonzalez andZimbardo, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is a positive impact of 'being acknowledged' by the NPO on the Donor's Lifetime Value.

“Bennett (2006) argues that there is a positive impact of”

• cites Bennett (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When a person experiences a stimulus that makes him feel negative emotions, he would feel motivated to overcome the negative emotions.

“Thus it can be argued that when a person experiences stimulus that makes him feel negative emotions, he would feel motivated to overcome the negative emotions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Sadness is frequently accompanied by feelings to be comforted.

May combine two claims.

People tend to maintain positive mood states and focus on moving away or changing their negative mood states.

“People tend to maintain positive mood states and focus on moving away or changing their negative mood states (Isen et al., 1987).”

• cites Isen et al., 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Brands tell stories and consumers want to be involved in these stories and want their roles reconfirmed.

“In the branding literature Woodside et al. (2008) state that brands tell stories and consumers want to be involved in these stories and want their roles reconfirmed.”

• cites Woodside et al. (2008) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Nostalgic appeals evoking the past may not be successful among low nostalgia prone individuals.

“Schindler and Holbrook (2003) stated that since nostalgic appeals evoking the past may not be successful among the low nostalgia prone individuals, they recommend that more progressive appeals need to be used which could evoke the heritage of the product or brand but also cue modernity.”

• cites Schindler and Holbrook (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most discrete emotions occur in response to appraisals of events happening to persons or experiences they have.

“Roseman et al. (1990) have demonstrated that the most discrete emotions occur in response to appraisals of events happening to persons or experiences they have.”

• cites Roseman et al. (1990) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The 'Thank you' note that the NPO sends to the donor may act as the confirmation of the donor's role in participating in the story.

“The”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The NPO brand tells the donor a story.

“In the context of NPOs, it can also be argued that the NPO brand tells the donor a story (e.g. World Christian Fund, Operation Smile etc).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In charitable giving, appeals that generate negative emotions and urge donors to help are likely to take the donor through different emotional stages: emotions preceding giving, anticipated by giving, and experienced after giving.

“In the context of charitable giving, appeals that generate negative emotions (e.g.figure 5-2) and urge donors to help are likely to take the donor through different emotional stagesemotions preceding giving to charity, the emotions anticipated by giving and the emotions experienced after giving to charity.”