The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cross cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion
Abstract
Psychologists have not determined the defining characteristics of extraversion. In four studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that extraversion facets are linked by reward sensitivity. According to this hypothesis, only facets that reflect reward sensitivity should load on a higher order extraversion factor. This model was tested against a model in which sociability links the facets. The authors also tested the generalizability of the model in a diverse sample of participants from 39 nations, and they tested the model using widely used extraversion scales. Results of all studies indicate that only facets that reflect reward sensitivity load on a higher order extraversion factor and that this factor correlates strongly with pleasant affect. Although sociability is undoubtedly an important part of extraversion, these results suggest that extraverts' sociability may be a by-product of reward sensitivity, rather than the core feature of the trait.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“More recent work redefining extraversion suggests that it too, may be correlated with gratitude and forgiveness (Ashton, Lee, & Paunonen, 2002; Lucas et al., 2000).”
From Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. (2010) · cites this paper as Lucas et al., 2000
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values.
Sorge, A. M., & Hofstede, G. (1983) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393017 · Cited by 15,195
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81 · Cited by 6,404
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Triandis, H. C. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506 · Cited by 5,019
Personality trait structure as a human universal.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509 · Cited by 4,234
(1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,151
Goldberg, L. R. (1999) · Cited by 3,141
Personality Psychology in Europe
Vera-Bermudez, J., Raad, D. B., de Vries, J., García, A. M. P., Sanchez-Elvita, A., & Heck, G. V. (1997) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 2,462
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–714 of 714
Dev, S., & Rajamonyammal, S. (2026) · Journal of Culture and Values in Education · doi:10.46303/jcve.2026.32
The meek shall inherit the Earth: personality, empathy, and the human shaping of LLMs
Mangalam, M. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01215-y
Self-Administered Positive Activity Interventions
Martinez, R. L., Vannoy, T. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197759424.003.0021
Put in context – how inventor personality shapes inventive activity
Wagner, S., Karin Hoisl, C., & Monroe, J. (2026) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2026.2711847
Fu, Y., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Bu, Y., & Li, C. (2026) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2026.2728699
Saputra, F. (2026) · Research Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning · doi:10.62583/rseltl.v4i5.156
Affiliation: a consequential interstitial trait
Blain, S. D., Weisberg, Y. J., Condon, D. M., & DeYoung, C. G. (2026) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2026.104771
Disability-inclusive tourism and psychological wellbeing
Gentle, J., Lesar, L., Filep, S., & Moyle, B. (2026) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2026.2725945
Sherf, E. N., Lee, M. Y., & McElroy, T. (2026) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2025.0064
From intention to perception: how social context and personality shape affordance effects
Ciarmoli, D., Scerrati, E., & Triberti, S. (2026) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-026-02396-1
Robot gaze-timing combinations and the uncanny valley
Hsieh, T.-Y., Hsiao, P.-H., Ciou, S.-C., Pan, C.-H., Chen, T.-C., Tsai, C.-C., Fang, Y., & Yeh, S. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101378
Dong, S., & Li, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1905573
Validity Dynamism Of Personality Traits In The Selection Context
Shao, L. (2011) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Self-citationDoes approach motivation account for the impact of locomotion on positive affect
Miller, J. C. (2014) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 452-468
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2116007196
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 23.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- extraversion, reward sensitivity, sociability, cross-cultural generalizability, personality traits, trait structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Reinforcement, Social, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
