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Cross cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion

Lucas, Richard E., Diener, Ed, Grob, Alexander, Suh, Eunkook M., Shao, Liang·2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.452

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Abstract

Psychologists have not determined the defining characteristics of extraversion. In four studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that extraversion facets are linked by reward sensitivity. According to this hypothesis, only facets that reflect reward sensitivity should load on a higher order extraversion factor. This model was tested against a model in which sociability links the facets. The authors also tested the generalizability of the model in a diverse sample of participants from 39 nations, and they tested the model using widely used extraversion scales. Results of all studies indicate that only facets that reflect reward sensitivity load on a higher order extraversion factor and that this factor correlates strongly with pleasant affect. Although sociability is undoubtedly an important part of extraversion, these results suggest that extraverts' sociability may be a by-product of reward sensitivity, rather than the core feature of the trait.

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Authors: Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Bern (CH)
ORCID: Lucas, Richard E.
Diener, Ed
Grob, Alexander
Suh, Eunkook M.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 79
Issue: 3
Pages: 452-468
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.452
OpenAlex: W2116007196
Cited by: 713
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 23.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Keywords: extraversion, reward sensitivity, sociability, cross-cultural generalizability, personality traits, trait structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Reinforcement, Social, Social Behavior

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Cross cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion

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