Personality trait structure as a human universal.

McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509

Cited by 4,234Personality Traits and PsychologyCultural Differences and ValuesPsychological Testing and Assessment

Personality trait structure as a human universal.

McCrae, Robert R., Costa, Paul T.·1997·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Patterns of covariation among personality traits in English-speaking populations can be summarized by the five-factor model (FFM). To assess the cross-cultural generalizability of the FFM, data from studies using 6 translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P.T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were compared with the American factor structure. German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples (N = 7,134) showed similar structures after varimax rotation of 5 factors. When targeted rotations were used, the American factor structure was closely reproduced, even at the level of secondary loadings. Because the samples studied represented highly diverse cultures with languages from 5 distinct language families, these data strongly suggest that personality trait structure is universal.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

There is an emerging consensus that there are largely universal dimensions along which individuals differ, but that there are also culturally specific antecedents to personality-based reactions, and that there is culturally specific content to the behavioral expression of universal traits.
“There is an emerging consensus that there are largely universal dimensions along which individuals differ, but that there are also culturally spe- cific antecedents to personality-based reactions, and that there is culturally specific content to the behavioral expression of universal traits.”
From Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies (2006) · cites this paper as McCrae & Costa, 1997
Translations of English-language measures based on the five-factor model of personality, such as the NEO Personality Inventory, have consistently found the same five-factor structure in different cultures.
“Translations of English-language measures based on the five- factor model of personality, such as the NEO Personality In- ventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992), have consistently found the same five-factor structure in different cultures”
From Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies (2006) · cites this paper as McCrae & Costa, 1997

Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x · Cited by 6,835 · see citing works
Self-citation
A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.
Block, J. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 · Cited by 1,682 · see citing works
National Culture and the Values of Organizational Employees: A Dimensional Analysis Across 43 Nations
Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. (1996) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022196272006 · Cited by 807 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765 · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020327 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
Empirical, Theoretical, and Practical Advantages of the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294907 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use
Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Los cinco grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: multitrait multimethod analyses of the big five in Spanish and English.
Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.729 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs.
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
General Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers' accuracy and predictive validity.
Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021212 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Genes, evolution, and personality
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1012294324713 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Dispositional optimism
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes
Swider, B. W., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.003 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations
Seidman, G. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness
MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111420188 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Factors associated with success in medical school: systematic review of the literature
Ferguson, E., James, D., & Madeley, L. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7343.952 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
The Person–Situation Debate Revisited: Effect of Situation Strength and Trait Activation on the Validity of the Big Five Personality Traits in Predicting Job Performance
Judge, T. A., & Zapata, C. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0837 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model
Musek, J. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Cross cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.452 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship.
Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Personality correlates of self-esteem
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2324 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
How Should My Chatbot Interact? A Survey on Social Characteristics in Human–Chatbot Interaction Design
Chaves, A. P., & Gerosa, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1841438 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence.
Geary, D. C. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10871-000 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: Support for a hierarchical model of personality.
Jang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1556 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mood, personality, and self-monitoring: Negative affect and emotionality in relation to frontal lobe mechanisms of error monitoring.
Luu, P., Collins, P., & Tucker, D. M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.43 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Physician Resilience: What It Means, Why It Matters, and How to Promote It
Epstein, R. M., & Krasner, M. S. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318280cff0 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Unanswered questions: a preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs
Swami, V., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1583 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Smoking and the Five‐Factor Model of personality
Terracciano, A., & Costa, P. T. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00687.x · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citation
How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon.
Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030841 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Del Pilar, G. H., Rolland, J.-P., & Parker, W. D. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291009 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infection Breeds Reticence: The Effects of Disease Salience on Self-Perceptions of Personality and Behavioral Avoidance Tendencies
Mortensen, C. R., Becker, D. V., Ackerman, J. M., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610361706 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Big five-personality trait and Internet addiction: A meta-analytic review
Kayiş, A. R., Satici, S. A., Yilmaz, M. F., Şimşek, D., Ceyhan, E., & Bakioğlu, F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.012 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Ethical leadership
Den Hartog, D. N. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111237 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Exploring personality characteristics of Chinese adolescents with internet-related addictive behaviors: Trait differences for gaming addiction and social networking addiction
Wang, C.-W., Ho, R. T. H., Chan, C. L. W., & Tse, S. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.039 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Attitudes towards AI: measurement and associations with personality
Stein, J.-P., Messingschlager, T., Gnambs, T., Hutmacher, F., & Appel, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53335-2 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.185 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The neurodevelopmental origins of suicidal behavior
Turecki, G., Ernst, C., Jollant, F., Labonté, B., & Mechawar, N. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.008 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Neuroticism: a non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology
Ormel, J., Rosmalen, J., & Farmer, A. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0873-y · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00142-x · Cited by 287 · see citing works
From BIS/BAS to the big five
Smits, D. J. M., & Boeck, P. D. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.583 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine
Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., & Duberstein, P. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/759170 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“Personality traits are typically operationalized as dimensions, ranging from very high to very low [4, 5].”
Background
Human-machine collaboration in managerial decision making
Haesevoets, T., De Cremer, D., Dierckx, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106730 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Who Likes Artificial Intelligence? Personality Predictors of Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence
Park, J., & Woo, S. E. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2021.2012109 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Personality change following unemployment.
Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., Daly, M., & Sedikides, C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038647 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000162 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Metaphorically speaking: cognitive abilities and the production of figurative language
Beaty, R. E., & Silvia, P. J. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0258-5 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Challenges to capture the big five personality traits in non-WEIRD populations
Laajaj, R., Macours, K., Pinzon Hernandez, D. A., Arias, O., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., Rubio-Codina, M., & Vakis, R. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw5226 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Trait personality and state variability: Predicting individual differences in within- and cross-context fluctuations in affect, self-evaluations, and behavior in everyday life
Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Küfner, A. C. P., & Back, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.003 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Resilience and indicators of adjustment during rehabilitation from a spinal cord injury.
White, B., Driver, S., & Warren, A. M. (2010) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018451 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Interpersonal Traits, Complementarity, and Trust in Virtual Collaboration
BROWN, H. G., POOLE, M. S., & RODGERS, T. L. (2004) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2004.11045785 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence
Woo, S. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Longley, A., Zhang, Z.-X., Chiu, C.-Y., & Stark, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806328 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States
Chapman, B. P., Fiscella, K., Kawachi, I., & Duberstein, P. R. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp323 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Affect, Behaviour, Cognition and Desire in the Big Five: An Analysis of Item Content and Structure
Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2002 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Procrastination, personality traits, and academic performance: When active and passive procrastination tell a different story
Kim, S., Fernandez, S., & Terrier, L. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.021 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Personality development and organizational behavior.
Roberts, B. W. (2006) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(06)27001-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being
Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Personality and risk for Alzheimer's disease in adults 72 years of age and older: A 6-year follow-up.
Duberstein, P. R., Chapman, B. P., Tindle, H. A., Sink, K. M., Bamonti, P., Robbins, J., Jerant, A. F., & Franks, P. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0021377 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Association With Personality Traits and Gaming Characteristics Among Chinese Adolescent Gamers
Liao, Z., Huang, Q., Huang, S., Tan, L., Shao, T., Fang, T., Chen, X., Lin, S., Qi, J., Cai, Y., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.598585 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Aggression as a trait: the Dark Tetrad alternative
Paulhus, D. L., Curtis, S. R., & Jones, D. N. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.007 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective
Roberts, B. W., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Individual risk factors for school bullying
Farrington, D., & Baldry, A. (2010) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.5042/jacpr.2010.0001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
First Impressions in Human--Agent Virtual Encounters
Cafaro, A., Vilhjálmsson, H. H., & Bickmore, T. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2940325 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Differences and similarities between impulse buying and variety seeking: A personality-based perspective
Olsen, S. O., Tudoran, A. A., Honkanen, P., & Verplanken, B. (2016) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20853 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Filial piety and older adult caregiving among Chinese and Chinese-American families in the United States: a concept analysis
Xiao, C., Patrician, P. A., Montgomery, A. P., Wang, Y., Jablonski, R., & Markaki, A. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01789-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A trio of concerns
Kagan, J. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00049.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Personality and medication non‐adherence among older adults enrolled in a six‐year trial
Jerant, A., Chapman, B., Duberstein, P., Robbins, J., & Franks, P. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x524219 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Personality Traits, Motivations, and Emotional Consequences of Social Media Usage
Lin, J.-S., Lee, Y.-I., Jin, Y., & Gilbreath, B. (2017) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0043 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bandwidth and Fidelity on the NEO-Five Factor Inventory: Replicability and Reliability of Item Cluster Subcomponents
Chapman, B. P. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701268082 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
It depends how you look at it: On the relationship between neuroticism and conscientiousness at the within- and the between-person levels of analysis
Beckmann, N., Wood, R. E., & Minbashian, A. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.07.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Frequency and intensity of social anxiety in Asian Americans and European Americans.
Lee, M. R., Okazaki, S., & Yoo, H. C. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.291 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Personality and Filial Piety among College Students in Two Chinese Societies: The Added Value of Indigenous Constructs
Zhang, J., & Bond, M. H. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198293002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Does applicant personality influence multiple mini-interview performance and medical school acceptance offers?
Jerant, A., Griffin, E., Rainwater, J., Henderson, M., Sousa, F., Bertakis, K. D., Fenton, J. J., & Franks, P. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31826102ad · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Are therapy dogs like Xanax? Does animal-assisted therapy impact processes relevant to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy?
Hunt, M. G., & Chizkov, R. R. (2014) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303714x14023922797959 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
An alternative multi‐language structure for personality attributes
Saucier, G. (2003) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.489 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Insight meditation and telomere biology: The effects of intensive retreat and the moderating role of personality
Conklin, Q. A., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Lin, J., Hamidi, A. B., Pokorny, J. J., Álvarez-López, M. J., Cosín-Tomás, M., Huang, C., Kaliman, P., et al. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ten-year stability of personality disorders among outpatients with mood disorders.
Durbin, C. E., & Klein, D. N. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.75 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence, 21st century competences, and socio‐emotional learning in education: More than high‐risk?
Tuomi, I. (2022) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12531 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fall From Grace: Increased Loneliness and Depressiveness Among Extraverted Youth During the German COVID‐19 Lockdown
Alt, P., Reim, J., & Walper, S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12648 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Higher-order model of resilience in the Canadian forces.
Lee, J. E. C., Sudom, K. A., & McCreary, D. R. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0024473 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Distressed personality type: replicability and general health associations
Chapman, B. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Lyness, J. M. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.645 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
When cognition turns vicious: Heuristics and biases in light of virtue epistemology
Samuelson, P. L., & Church, I. M. (2015) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2014.904197 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Circadian Preference and the Big Five: The Role of Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking
Russo, P. M., Leone, L., Penolazzi, B., & Natale, V. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.706768 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Five-factor model traits and the prototypical image of the effective leader in the Confucian culture
Lim Leung, S., & Bozionelos, N. (2004) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/01425450410506904 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
El modelo de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad y el uso problemático de Internet en jóvenes colombianos
Puerta-Cortés, D. X., & Carbonell, X. (2014) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.131 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Are closed-minded people more open to the idea of killing themselves?
Duberstein, P. R. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.1.9.21309 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies
Smith, G. T., Spillane, N. S., & Annus, A. M. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00013.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Education and Smoking: Confounding or Effect Modification by Phenotypic Personality Traits?
Chapman, B., Fiscella, K., Duberstein, P., & Kawachi, I. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9142-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Testing a Resilience Model Among Canadian Forces Recruits
Skomorovsky, A., & Stevens, S. (2013) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00389 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Personality traits and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Corchs, F., Corregiari, F., Ferrão, Y. A., Takakura, T., Mathis, M. E., Lopes, A. C., Miguel, E. C., & Bernik, M. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000300012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Relationships between functional food consumption and individual traits and values: A segmentation approach
Nystrand, B. T., & Olsen, S. O. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104736 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emotion Self-Regulation in Neurotic Students: A Pilot Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Assess Its Effectiveness through Brain Signals and Behavioral Data
Izhar, L. I., Babiker, A., Rizki, E. E., Lu, C.-K., & Abdul Rahman, M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22072703 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Personality: Links to BIS/BAS Sensitivity and the Five Factor Model
Becker, S. P., Schmitt, A. P., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Epstein, J. N., & Burns, G. L. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.06.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Differences Between Individual and Societal Health State Valuations: Any Link With Personality?
Chapman, B. P., Franks, P., Duberstein, P. R., & Jerant, A. (2009) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181a8112e · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Representing communicative functions in saiba with a unified function markup language,
Cafaro, A., Vilhjálmsson, H. H., Bickmore, T., Heylen, D., & Pelachaud, C. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09767-1_11 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Emotion recognition and moral utilitarianism in the dark triad of personality.
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2017) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2017.74142 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Domains among Treatment-Seeking Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder: The Role of Disinhibition and Negative Affectivity
Cavicchioli, M., Ramella, P., Movalli, M., Prudenziati, F., Vassena, G., Simone, G., & Maffei, C. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1762650 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Conscientiousness, perceived risk, and risk-reduction behaviors: A preliminary study.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., Barckley, M., Lichtenstein, E., & Lee, M. E. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.5.496 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A Review on Competency-Based Succession Planning at Higher Education Institution in Malaysia
Ghazali, M. T., Abdul Rahman, S. A., & Abd. Ghani, M. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i9/11120 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Personality traits are pervasive and enduring styles of thought, emotional expression, and behaviour that account for individual differences (McCrae & Costa, 1997).”
Background
Integrating humans into pace-of-life studies: The Big Five personality traits and metabolic rate in young adults
Bergeron, P., Pagé, A., & Trempe, M. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248876 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Authors: McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T.
Affiliations: National Institute on Aging (US)
ORCID: McCrae, Robert R.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-05
Volume: 52
Issue: 5
Pages: 509-516
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509
OpenAlex: W2033642053
Cited by: 4,234
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 190 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 245 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 325 · 2019: 208 · 2018: 183 · 2017: 190 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 197 · 2014: 168 · 2013: 176 · 2012: 189
FWCI: 59.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Big Five personality traits, personality traits, cross-cultural universality, NEO-PI-R, factor structure, secondary loading
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Personality trait structure as a human universal.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Record

About these checks