Cited by 580Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesCognitive Abilities and Testing

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Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health?

Gottfredson, Linda S.·2004·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Virtually all indicators of physical health and mental competence favor persons of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Conventional theories in the social sciences assume that the material disadvantages of lower SES are primarily responsible for these inequalities, either directly or by inducing psychosocial harm. These theories cannot explain, however, why the relation between SES and health outcomes (knowledge, behavior, morbidity, and mortality) is not only remarkably general across time, place, disease, and kind of health system but also so finely graded up the entire SES continuum. Epidemiologists have therefore posited, but not yet identified, a more general "fundamental cause" of health inequalities. This article concatenates various bodies of evidence to demonstrate that differences in general intelligence (g) may be that fundamental cause.

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بناء وتدریج اختبار للذکاء السائل لدى طلاب الجامعة فى ضوء نظریة الاستجابة للمفردة
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“IQ assessments have utilitarian importance because they are a successful predictor of school grades, job performance, and a number of other aspects of life success [1], [2].”
Background
Was ist Gesundheit?
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“Academic achievement is essential for individual well-being across the lifespan (Gottfredson, 2004; Fiscella and Kitzman, 2009).”
Background
Smart Fraction Theory
Kirkegaard, E. O. W., & Carl, N. (2022) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10063 · Cited by 1
Efecto de las prácticas de ocio en las funciones cognitivas y la localización de fuentes electroencefalográficas (EEG) en personas mayores
López-Fernández, V. (2011) · Buleria (Universidad de León) · doi:10.18002/10612/1744 · Cited by 1
Associations of perinatal conditions with adult body sizeand intelligence : a register-based cohort study in Norway 1967-1999
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Gruer, L. D. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.10.006 · Cited by 1
Intelligence
Reeve, C. L. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_981-1 · Cited by 1
The structural dynamics of social classPreprint
Kraus, M. W., & Park, J. W. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gjwhq · Cited by 1
IQ variations across time and race are explained by literacy differencesPreprint
Marks, D. F. (2007) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2007.1293.2 · Cited by 1
Cross-national associations of IQ and infectious diseases: Is the prevalence of Corona an exceptional case?Preprint
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Background
Intelligence and Everyday Life
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Relationship between Moral Intelligence, Teamwork, and Missed Nursing Cares in Hospital Nurses: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
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Rushton, J. P. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00359.x
“Increasing research is converging on the view that GMA, more than any other factor, predicts academic achievement, creativity, career potential, and job performance – even health-related behavior (Gottfredson, 2004; Kuncel, Hezlett, & Ones, 2004; Lubinski, 2004).”
IQ variations across time and race are explained by literacy differencesPreprint
Marks, D. F. (2007) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2007.1293.1
El papel de la inteligencia general, la personalidad y la inteligencia emocional en el éxito profesional al inicio de la carrera
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Intelligence and Crime
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Use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test to aid in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents
Kellerman, T. L. (2005) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
The Identification of Recidivism Indicators in Intellectually Disabled Violent Individuals
Courtney, J. (2008) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Hur förhåller sig begåvning i skolåldern och psykosocial arbetsbelastning i vuxenlivet till olika aspekter av självrapporterad hälsa bland yrkesarbetande kvinnor och män
Wulff, C., Lindfors, P., & Sverke, M. (2010) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Social mobility in relation to cardiovascular and psychiatric health
Tiikkaja, S. (2013) · Figshare

Authors: Gottfredson, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Gottfredson, Linda S.
ORCID: Gottfredson, Linda S.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 174-199
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.174
OpenAlex: W2141185279
Cited by: 580
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 28.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: intelligence, socioeconomic status, health disparities, fundamental causes, psychosocial factors, material disadvantage
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Health Status, Humans, Intelligence, Social Class

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Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health?

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