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Estimates of individual teacher effects are measured with error that attenuates correlations between them.
“Despite attempts to increase the precision of these estimates through empirical Bayes estimation, estimates of individual teacher effects are measured with error that will attenuate these correlations (Spearman, 1904).”
From Teacher and Teaching Effects on Students’ Attitudes and Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as Spearman, 1904
The variance common across cognitive tasks can be modeled as a latent factor denoted as g (the general factor of intelligence).
“the variance common across cognitive tasks can be modeled as a latent factor denoted as g (the general factor of intelligence) 9,10”
From Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Spearman, C.
- Corresponding author
- Spearman, C.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- University of Illinois Press
- Published
- 1904-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201
- ISSN
- 0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2133487567
- Cited by
- 6,207
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 205 · 2025: 210 · 2024: 280 · 2023: 272 · 2022: 248 · 2021: 318 · 2020: 369 · 2019: 328 · 2018: 251 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 227 · 2015: 233 · 2014: 255 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 224
- FWCI
- 24.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- general intelligence, intelligence testing, psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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