Cited by 454Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHuman Behavior and Motivation

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It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need-satisfaction also affects well-being

Sheldon, Kennon M., Niemiec, Christopher P.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.331

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Abstract

The basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness have been found to have unique additive effects on psychological well-being (see E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 2000). In the present study, the authors extended these findings by examining whether the balance in the satisfaction of these 3 needs is also important. The results of 4 studies showed that people who experienced balanced need satisfaction reported higher well-being than those with the same sum score who reported greater variability in need satisfaction. This finding emerged for multiple measures of needs and adjustment and was independent of neuroticism. Moreover, results were obtained consistently across concurrent, prospective, daily diary, and observer-report study designs. Discussion focuses on the psychological meaning and functional implications of balanced need satisfaction.

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THE MEDIATING ROLE OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND LIFE SATISFACTION
Elaheh, H., Mahsa, S., & Saribagloo, J. A. (2015) · Cited by 5
Rejection Sensitivity, Self-Efficacy, and Learning Strategy: Mediating and Moderating the Role of Basic Needs Satisfaction
Terada, M., & Kawamoto, T. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.83028 · Cited by 8
“Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) proposed that imbalances in the satisfaction of needs reflects chronic stress and role conflict.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Multiple Determination of Well-Being: Independent Effects of Positive Traits, Needs, Goals, Selves, Social Supports, and Cultural Contexts
Sheldon, K. M., & Hoon, T. H. (2013) · Happiness studies book series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5702-8_8 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Balancing Individuality and Community in Public Policy
Myers, D. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch41 · Cited by 5
Ambivalence in the Leader-Follower Relationship: Dispositional Antecedents and Effects on Work-Related Well-Being
Han, Y. (2020) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-14001 · Cited by 5
The relationship between physical exercise and suicidal ideation in college students: chain mediating effect of basic psychological needs satisfaction and sense of meaning in life
Ou, Y., Guo, K., & Cheng, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1450031 · Cited by 4
Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Digital Learning: A Qualitative Study
Stalmach, A., D’Elia, P., Sano, S. D., & Casale, G. (2025) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380569.2025.2532436 · Cited by 5
El disfrute como mediador de la salud en el ejercicio físico
Murcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. M. C., Hernández, E. H., & Avilés, A. B. A. (2016) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy15-1.dmse · Cited by 5
Perceived stress, emotional intelligence and psychological wellbeing of mental health professionals puring covid-19 in Pakistan
Qamar, T., Chethiyar, S. D. M., & Equatora, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Guidance and Counseling · doi:10.21580/jagc.2022.3.1.9320 · Cited by 4
Perceived Psychological Preparedness of the New Tertiary Curriculum Graduates in Taking the Professional Board Examination
Sumicad, R., Balanga, E. A. C., Cuevas, G. C.-U., Gimarangan, R. T., Pacaldo, J. M., & Lawan, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Learning and Development Studies · doi:10.32996/jlds.2023.3.3.1 · Cited by 5
Social Support and Life Satisfaction Among Female College Students: Serial Mediation of Grit and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction
Xu, J., Yin, Y., & Cheng, K. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2488865 · Cited by 4
“The total score reflects the overall level of basic psychological needs satisfaction, with higher scores indicating higher levels of basic psychological needs satisfaction (Sheldon and Niemiec, 2006).”
To be enhanced, understood, distinct, or to belong?: The role of multiple identity motives in homogeneous and diverse groups
Ormiston, M. E., & Wong, E. M. (2008) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1016/s1534-0856(08)11008-8 · Cited by 5
Behavioral Economics, Motivating Psycho-Education Improvements: A Mobile Technology Initiative in South Africa
Forsythe, A., & Venter, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01560 · Cited by 4
“It is maintained within SDT that autonomy, competence, and relatedness combined are fundamental psychological needs that energize behavior (Sheldon and Niemiec, 2006; Vansteenkiste et al., 2012).”
Background
Conflicts Between Work and Family and Displaced Aggression with Working Parents in South Korea: An Exploratory Study
Kim, E., Shin, Y., & Kim, J. (2019) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.50.4.004 · Cited by 4
The benefits of need satisfaction depend on their relative importance for people with a unidimensional identity: an idiographic analysis
Glendinning, F., Woodman, T., Hardy, L., & Ong, C. W. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09908-z · Cited by 4
Relationships amongst Gratitude, Well-Being and Depression
Dusen, V., & Patrick, J. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4
Basic Psychological Needs And Well-Being Of Students In The Post-Pandemic
Muntean, L., & Bochis, L. N. (2023) · European Proceedings of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15405/epes.23045.63 · Cited by 4
Part-time job satisfaction of international students in Japan:
Yan, L., & Horiuchi, T. (2019) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.90.18203 · Cited by 5
A self-determination theory perspective on mentoring relationships at work
Janssen, S. (2015) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036539807 · Cited by 5
Examining the relationship between workplace rewards and the quality of motivational experience : a Self-Determination Theory perspective
Hewett, B. A. O. (2014) · Cited by 4
Changes in well-being across the lifespan: a cross-sectional survey of young, middle-age, and older adults
Karaoylas, E. C. (2011) · Mspace (University of Manitoba) · Cited by 4
Focused, Flourishing, but Not in Flow: Achievement Strivers’ Experiences of Competence, Flow, and Well-Being During Personally Expressive Activities
Hill, T. G., Loock, J. V., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-024-00186-x · Cited by 3
“Previous studies measuring positive psychological processes (e.g., savoring, need satisfaction, eudaimonic motives for activities) have found evidence of well-being boosts with lags of one day (Jose et al., 2012; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006 ; Steger et al., 2008).”
The role of autonomy in forming an integrated identity among early career academics
Kuzborska, I., O'Reilly, D., Smith, K., Lambrechts, A. A., & Stenson, A. E. (2024) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4098 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness and motivation in social-emotional learning: through the lens of self-determination theory
Kong, L. C., Liu, W. C., & Kee, Y. H. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08212-0 · Cited by 3
“Second, equal and balanced satisfaction of all three needs have been demonstrated to have greater positive influence on students’ well-being relative to greater satisfac - tion of specific needs (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”
Gendered experiences of spirituality at work: Implications for constructive employee voice behavior
Arshad, M., Murtaza, G., Farooq, O., Afzal, S., & Muavia, M. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113500 · Cited by 3
Newcomers’ motivation profiles: a review and longitudinal investigation
Blechman, Y., Gillet, N., Gilbert, W., Houle, S. A., & Morin, A. J. S. (2025) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2025.2588140 · Cited by 3
“…and/or frustration of all three needs should act as the primary driver of workers’ motivational orientation rather than the level of satisfaction or frustration of any specific need (e.g., Gillet et al., 2019; Gillet, Morin, Huart, et al., 2020; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006; Tóth-Király et al., 2019).”
Evaluating and understanding undergraduate students’ basic psychological needs satisfaction and motivation across different learning environments: a mixed-methods study
Zhu, Y., Kusurkar, R. A., Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Köhler, E., Abidi, L., Erkens, R. H. J., & Savelberg, H. H. C. M. (2025) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-025-09558-9 · Cited by 6
“…when compared to Programme C. Additionally, a difference in autonomy satisfaction alone may not lead to a difference in motivation and well-being, as all three basic psychological needs are fundamental for students’ autonomous motivation and well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2020; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”
Удовлетворение базовых психологических потребностей как источник трудовой мотивации и субъективного благополучия у российских сотрудников
Осин, Е. Н., Дмитриевич, С. Д., Гордеева, Т. О., & Иванова, Т. Ю. (2015) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2015-4-103-121 · Cited by 3
Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity
Yu, S. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231190824 · Cited by 4
“In addition, is the interaction mechanism a synergistic one such that balanced (e.g., Sheldon et al., 2010; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), synchronized (e.g., Prinzing et al., 2023), or coherent (e.g., Vallacher et al., 2002) combinations of element-level positivity contribute to a positive whole?”
Nature as a Shield: exploring the link between trait and state nature connectedness and adolescent cyberbullying based on self-determination theory
Gao, R., Chen, H., Zhang, R., Dai, W., Yang, J., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07010-4 · Cited by 3
“The adapted Basic Psychological Needs Scale assessed the satisfaction of state basic psychological needs (Sheldon et al., 2001; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”
Does “Lying Flat” Lead to Greater Life Satisfaction? Evidence from Empirical Research
Lu, H., Wang, J., & Kong, F. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081067 · Cited by 4
“…of competence, and sense of fulfillment, and this makes individuals prone to falling into ruminative thinking, all of which will lead to a decline in life satisfaction (Deci & Ryan, 2000; FitzRoy & Nolan, 2022; Huppert & So, 2013; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Ryff, 1989; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”
Satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas y orientaciones de meta en profesorado de Educación Física hacia sus alumnos (Physical education teachers’ satisfaction of psychological needs and goal orientations towards their students)
Supervía, P. U., Salavera, C., Orozco, A. M., & Jarie, L. (2018) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i33.54057 · Cited by 3
The double negative: Personality differentially predicts sensitivity to need support and thwarting, and subsequent behavioural response planning
Thomas, L. B., Fadeeva, A., & Oliver, E. J. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109767 · Cited by 3
Synergistic effect of autonomy and relatedness satisfaction on cognitive deconstruction
Liu, Y., Chen, C., Zhang, J., & van Dierendonck, D. (2020) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1820434 · Cited by 3
“Within SDT, the investigation of the authentic relationship among needs satisfaction is increasingly important (Earl et al., 2019; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”
Background

Authors: Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Missouri (US)
University of Rochester (US)
ORCID: Sheldon, Kennon M.
Niemiec, Christopher P.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 91
Issue: 2
Pages: 331-341
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.331
OpenAlex: W2021791208
Cited by: 454
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 15.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
Keywords: basic psychological needs, need satisfaction, psychological well-being, autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, daily diary
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires

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It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need-satisfaction also affects well-being

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