It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need-satisfaction also affects well-being

“…mechanisms that match onto the stressor being confronted (Cheng, 2001), and experience a balance in their satisfaction of psychological needs (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006) account for incremental variance in social and psychological health, above and beyond standard metrics (i.e., frequency and…”

“Such work allows one to gain a deeper insight into within-person combinations of need satisfaction and frustration, with profiles varying in both the level of satisfaction and frustration and the balance between needs (Sheldon and Niemiec 2006).”

“Past research in SDT has found that these three need satisfactions tend to be highly intercorrelated in most contexts (e.g., Baard, Deci, & Ryan, 2004; La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, & Deci, 2000), and indeed when they are not, there are costs to happiness and wellness (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“…practice of combining the three basic needs into an overall scale and, instead, strengthens the argument that the needs are not interchangeable, cannot compensate for each other in an overall need satisfaction scale (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), and are unlikely to always co-occur (Deci & Ryan, 1995).”

“…to various indicators of well-being both when we looking at the matter on a between-person or a within-person level (Ryan, Bernstein, & Brown, 2010; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006) and even when controlling for the influence of each other and for other potential need candidates (Martela & Ryan, 2016a;…”

“Although, it might be the case that especially balanced need support contributes to the general level of need supportive teaching (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), based on this prior premise, we still expect each respective dimension to have a unique effect on students’ motivation and engagement.”

“Along those lines, Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) have recently relied on a balance score that represents the amount of coherence among three psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness).”

“Although Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) recently examined the possibility that balance across different needs may be important, they did not specifically comment on the trade-offs between them.”

“This procedure is justified given both its use in past research (e.g., Sheldon and Niemiec 2006), as well as the inter-correlations among these three SWB indicators in the present study (i.e., rs between |.34| and |.56| at T1 and between |.22| and |.61| at T3, all ps \ .01).”

“…basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness has been positively related to well-being (e.g., Reis, Sheldon, Gable, Roscoe, & Ryan, 2000; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), satisfaction with life (e.g., Meyer, Enstrom, Harstveit, Bowles, & Beevers, 2007), aspirations (e.g., Niemiec, Ryan, &…”

“Notably, while the three needs are distinguishable conceptually, thwarting of any need produces similar negative outcomes (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and the three needs overlap considerably in naturalistic settings (e.g., Baard, Deci, & Ryan, 2004; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006; Uysal, Lin, & Knee, 2010).”

“These considerations could supply more precision in the formulation of SDT regarding the importance or the balance of different needs in different conditions (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Still, the research reviewed under Hypothesis 2 suggests that the highest levels of well-being occur only if the different basic needs are all being satisfied at the same time and are relatively in balance with each other (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Their measurement of BPN has subsequently been applied to studies that examine general satisfaction in life, rather than using the initial event-based procedures (e.g., Sheldon and Niemiec 2006).”

“Using Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) provided evidence that a balance of satisfaction in the three need areas of competence, autonomy, and relatedness is important for well-being.”

“Unlike adult need satisfaction scales that either assess need satisfaction in a general manner (e.g., Reis et al., 2000; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006) or in one specific context (e.g., sports, Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006; work, Baard et al., 2004), the adolescent scale created by Véronneau and her…”

“The three needs overlap considerably in naturalistic settings (e.g., Baard, Deci, & Ryan, 2004; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006; Uysal, Lin, & Knee, 2010), and thwarting any one of these needs results in negative effects on overall need fulfillment (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Lian, Ferris, & Brown, 2012; Reis,…”

“BNT includes (a) the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness and (ii) the needssupportive motivational climate (see Figure 1; explained in detail later).”

“Achieving a good balance between various fundamental needs is strongly related to higher well-being (e.g., Kumashiro, Rusbult, & Finkel, 2008; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Indeed, research shows that it is the satisfaction that is related to important outcomes, such as motivation and well-being (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Some previous research already used the personality traits as a control variable when examining the relationship between only need satisfaction and subjective well-being (e.g., Philippe, Koestner, Beaulieu-Pelletier, & Lecours, 2011; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Such compensation processes will result in an unbalanced psychological need profile balance which might be detrimental for psychological health (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“These 18 items include the nine positively-worded items used by Sheldon, Elliot, Kim, and Kasser ( 2001 ) to assess autonomy, competence, and relatedness need-satisfaction within people's “most satisfying events” (see also Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006 ; Sheldon & Tan, 2007 ).”

“As in much past research (Diener, 1994; Sheldon & Elliott, 1999; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), we computed a composite SWB variable by summing positive affect and life satisfaction and subtracting negative affect.”

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“An excessive and unbalanced focus on one of the needs, at the expense of the other needs (e.g., because of need sacriicing; Holding et al., 2020), is likely detrimental for adolescents ’ mental health (Emery et al., 2015; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“…Reynolds, Thase, Frank, and Fasiczka (2002) computed the proportion of all affects that were positive, Fredrickson and Losada (2005) examined the ratio of positive and negative emotions, and Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) recorded the sum of absolute differences between different need satisfactions.”

“This scale showed good reliability in previous studies (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 Acute Stress Disorder Diagnostic Criteria B (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 14 items; α = 0.86 Revised Received Social Support Questionnaire (Zhen et al., 2018); Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Sheldon and Niemiec, 2006): needs for autonomy, comp…”

“Because the extent to which autonomy leads to greater psychological well-being is dependent on feelings of being related or connected to others (see Sheldon and Niemiec 2006 ), autonomous individuals may be more likely to have greater respect and regard for other people’s opinions.”

“From a life domain perspective on passion, this situation may provoke an exclusion of other life domains among individuals with a dominantly obsessive approach, whereas individuals with a harmonious approach to a larger extent will try to balance their domains to maintain several sources for complementary need satisfa…”

“Norm-conflict was computed by averaging the absolute value of the three-way difference scores among the descriptive norms of the three groups (see Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“First, akin to Cannon’s (1932) homeostatic notions it implies that fulfilment of those needs is essential, if not to survival as such at least to overall contentment and well-being (cf. Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“…as well as fear of failure both have to be considered in order to determine a resultant motivation tendency in achievement situations, we computed a difference score by subtracting the fear of failure score (M = 3.46, SD = 2.42, Cronbach’s Alpha = .67) from the hope of success score (M =…”

“…the three teaching behaviour together are important for the learning interest of Indonesian students, which is in line with the evidence yielded by Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) in a predominantly Caucasian sample for the need balance hypothesis stating that all three needs contribute to the…”

“…(Peterson, 2002), low anger and hostility (Gottman, 1994), shared positive affect (Levesque, 1993), and the ability to balance the needs of the relationship with the needs of each individual when discussing conflict-laden topics (Roisman, Collins, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2005; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Sheldon & Elliot, 1999 ; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006 ) and to improve the reliability of the role-related need satisfaction measure, the four items were combined into a single index ( α = 0.”

“To assess the degree of imbalance (cf. Sheldon and Niemec, 2006) between the levels of identification, a difference score was computed by subtracting each teamlevel self-investment subscale from each equivalent organizational-level self-investment subscale.”

“Need satisfaction primarily relates to well-being and optimal integrated functioning (e.g.,Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Sheldon, Ryan, & Reis, 1996), need dissatisfaction positively predicts feelings of low well-being, but not necessarily experiences of ill-being (e.g., Bartholomew,…”

“…from a balanced lifestyle mix that yields the most satisfaction with life as a whole (Veenhoven, 2009); balanced need satisfaction (Sheldon, 2009; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006); satisfactory engagement in a mix of activity experiences (Persson & Jonsson, 2009); living in congruence with personal…”

“Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) proposed in their balance hypothesis that all three needs should be equally satisfied for optimal well-being.”

“According to SDT, all three needs are independently important to well-being, and thus satisfaction of one need cannot fully compensate for the satisfaction of another (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“Ongoing validation of measurement approaches will be required to begin to achieve consensus regarding the definition of life balance, given multiple conceptual lenses (Anaby, Backman, & Jarus, 2010; Jonsson & Persson, 2006; Marks & MacDermid, 1996; Matuska, 2012; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“…& Bargmann, 2003) or through daily need satisfaction (Bartholomew et al., 2011), relates positively to well-being in adolescents (Gagné et al., 2003) or young adults (Moller, Deci, & Elliot, 2010; Reis, Sheldon, Gable, Roscoe, & Ryan, 2000; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006; Sheldon, Ryan, & Reis, 1996).”

“…2007; Bakker et al., 2010; Gagné & Deci, 2005; Schaufeli & Taris, 2014; van den Broeck et al., 2008), and the satisfaction of this need fosters physical and psychological health at work (Baard et al., 2004; Gagné & Deci, 2005; Johnston & Finney, 2010; Sheldon et al., 2001; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).”

“of goal pursuit, motivation and attainment concerns the degree to which people are able to experience the psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness (Sheldon and Niemiec 2006; Ryan and Deci 2008; Sheldon and Filak 2008).”

“The strong contributing power of a stable cognitive orientation toward autonomy and competence in these older adults underlines the importance of continued balanced need satisfaction across the lifespan, and is consistent with prevailing theories about motivation and selfregulation ( Sheldon and Niemiec 2006; Ryan and…”

“…positive affect in the present investigation replicate those demonstrated in previous sport-based literature (Perreault et al., 2007) and hedonic well-being in university students (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006) while contrasting (Anderson-Butcher & Amorose, 2008; Lightheart et al., 2010) in athletes.”

“Our finding that greater success at valued living positively correlated with psychological well-being is consistent with previous research [26,38,39,63] including Lundgren et al.”

“The idea that balance and imbalance are differing dimensions falls within Sheldon and colleagues’ work (Sheldon, 2009; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), although different terminology was used.”

“However, as a balance of needs satisfaction has been identified in the BNT literature as key to promoting psychological well-being (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), future research should examine the development and application of life skills associated with each basic need for the same person.”

“In four studies using multiple designs, Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) found that a balance of satisfaction in relatedness, autonomy, and competence, the three need areas identified in Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), had unique additive effects on psychological well-being.”