Cited by 578Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionBullying, Victimization, and AggressionSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.

van Beest, Ilja, Williams, Kipling D.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Recent research indicates that ostracism is painful even in the face of mitigating circumstances. However, in all previous experiments, there have been no costs to inclusion or benefits for ostracism. If being included meant losing money and being ostracized meant retaining money, would individuals still be distressed when ostracized? In 2 studies, the authors attempted to "load the dice" against inclusion in favor of ostracism. Participants played a variant of Cyberball called euroyberball (pronounced Euroball), in which ostracism and inclusion were crossed with whether the participants earned or lost money for each ball toss they received. In 2 experiments, the authors found that even when being ostracized meant retaining more money than the other players, it was painful. In Study 2, the authors also introduced conditions in which participants were overincluded. In these conditions, participants were sensitive to financial incentives. However, even then participants felt worse when given no positive attention than when given punitive attention.

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Authors: van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
ORCID: van Beest, Ilja
Williams, Kipling D.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 91
Issue: 5
Pages: 918-928
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.918
OpenAlex: W1981647801
Cited by: 567
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: ostracism, social exclusion, financial incentives, EUROBALL, Cyberball, overinclusion, positive attention
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Personal Satisfaction, Rejection, Psychology, Reward, Social Desirability, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Students, Behavioral Research

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When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.

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