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Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.

Verplanken, Bas, Friborg, Oddgeir, Wang, Catharina E., Trafimow, David, Woolf, Kristin·2007·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526

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Abstract

In 8 studies, the authors investigated negative self-thinking as a mental habit. Mental content (negative self-thoughts) was distinguished from mental process (negative self-thinking habit). The negative self-thinking habit was assessed with a metacognitive instrument (Habit Index of Negative Thinking; HINT) measuring whether negative self-thoughts occur often, are unintended, are initiated without awareness, are difficult to control, and are self-descriptive. Controlling for negative cognitive content, the authors found that negative self-thinking habit was distinct from rumination and mindfulness, predicted explicit as well as implicit low self-esteem (name letter effect), attenuated a positivity bias in the processing of self-relevant stimuli, and predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms 9 months later. The results support the assumption that metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking as mental habit may play an important role in self-evaluative processes.

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Authors: Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K.
Affiliations: UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
New Mexico State University (US)
ORCID: Verplanken, Bas
Friborg, Oddgeir
Trafimow, David
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 92
Issue: 3
Pages: 526-541
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526
OpenAlex: W2083393605
Cited by: 213
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 10.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Research Council of Norway
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: mental habits, metacognition, metacognitive reflection, rumination, mindfulness, self-esteem, positivity bias, anxiety, depressive symptoms, self-assessment
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Cognition, Female, Habits, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Thinking

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Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.

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