The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Who goes to the bargaining table? The influence of gender and framing on the initiation of negotiation
Abstract
Unlike typical negotiation experiments, these studies investigated when men and women initiate negotiations in the absence of overt prescriptions to negotiate. Using a new experimental paradigm, the authors showed that the framing of situations is a critical driver of gender differences in initiating negotiations. Drawing on literature on language, power, and politeness, the authors argued that framing situations as opportunities for negotiation is particularly intimidating to women, as this language is inconsistent with norms for politeness among low-power individuals, such as women. By contrast, framing situations as opportunities for asking is much less intimidating to women, as this language is more polite and role-consistent. Consequently, gender differences in initiating negotiations persisted when situations were framed as opportunities for negotiation yet were eliminated when situations were framed as opportunities to ask. Moreover, primed power attenuated gender differences in aversive reactions to the negotiation frame. In all, the studies presented begin to elucidate the reasons for gender differences in initiating negotiations and further illustrate that such effects depend on the situation.
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“In both the leadership and negotiation domains, women have been shown to respond to explicit gender stereotype activation with positive, I'll Show You responses when they have sufficient power and self-efficacy.”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Small, Gelfand, Babcock, & Gettman, 2007
In the citing paper
“Related, researchers have shown that women's aversion to initiating negotiations was diminished when they were primed with power (Small, Gelfand, Babcock, & Gettman, 2007).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Small, Gelfand, Babcock, & Gettman, 2007
In the citing paper
“The task of negotiation can be made identity-safe by framing the situation as an opportunity of asking rather than an opportunity for negotiation (Small, Gelfand, Babcock, & Gettman, 2007).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Small, Gelfand, Babcock, & Gettman, 2007
In the citing paper
“Although women were less likely to initiate negotiations than men, when framed as an opportunity to ask, women were equally likely to initiate at the bargaining table (Small et al., 2007).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Small et al., 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Small, D. A., Gelfand, M., Babcock, L., & Gettman, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 600-613
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2128336111
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 43.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Conflict Management and Negotiation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- negotiation initiation, gender differences, framing effects, politeness norms, power priming, intimidation, language and power
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Collective Bargaining, Culture, Female, Games, Experimental, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Power, Psychological, Social Desirability, Social Perception, Negotiating
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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