Cited by 2,672Emotions and Moral BehaviorChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors

Eisenberg, Nancy, Miller, Paul A.·1987·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In a prior review involving a meta-analysis (Underwood & Moore, 1982), no relation between affective empathy and prosocial behavior was found. In this article, the literature relevant to this issue is reexamined. The studies were organized according to the method used to assess empathy. When appropriate, meta-analyses were computed. In contrast to the earlier review, low to moderate positive relations generally were found between empathy and both prosocial behavior and cooperative/socially competent behavior. The method of assessing empathy did influence the strength of the relations; picture/story measures of empathy were not associated with prosocial behavior, whereas nearly all other measures were. Several possible explanations for the pattern of findings are discussed, as are the implications of the findings.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91

Cites

122 of 122 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Untitled work
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,712
Review of Child Development Research
Walters, J., Hoffman, M. L., & Hoffman, L. W. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349834 · Cited by 3,658
A measure of emotional empathy1
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x · Cited by 2,360
Progress in experimental personality research
Maher, W. B., & Maher, B. A. (1964) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 2,347
Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals
Hume, D. (1777) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00046349 · Cited by 2,300
Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education.
Smith, H., & Ferguson, G. A. (1967) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2283699 · Cited by 2,221
Development of an empathy scale.
Hogan, R. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027580 · Cited by 1,532

Show all 124 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,002

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis.
Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011 · Cited by 366
Empathy present and future
Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2019) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442 · Cited by 370
The origins of altruism in offspring care.
Preston, S. D. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031755 · Cited by 368
How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055341 · Cited by 588
Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions.
Izard, C. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.796 · Cited by 376
Altruism Born of Suffering and Prosocial Behavior Following Adverse Life Events: A Review and Conceptualization
Vollhardt, J. R. (2009) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0088-1 · Cited by 380
Measuring Empathic Tendencies: Reliability And Validity of the Dutch Version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index
Corte, K. D., Buysse, A., Verhofstadt, L., Roeyers, H., Ponnet, K. S., & Davis, M. H. (2007) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-47-4-235 · Cited by 350
Empathic concern and perspective taking: linear and quadratic effects of age across the adult life span.
O'Brien, E., Konrath, S., Grühn, D., & Hagen, A. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs055 · Cited by 352
Dispositional empathy with nature
Tam, K. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.004 · Cited by 362
Anxious, threatened, and also unethical: How anxiety makes individuals feel threatened and commit unethical acts.
Kouchaki, M., & Desai, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037796 · Cited by 365
Facilitating empathy through virtual reality
Schutte, N. S., & Stilinović, E. J. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9641-7 · Cited by 358
Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions
Johnson, D. R. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005 · Cited by 343
Children’s Moral Motivation, Sympathy, and Prosocial Behavior
Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Keller, M., & Buchmann, M. C. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01271.x · Cited by 342
Adolescent Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Self-Processes and Contextual Cues
Wentzel, K. R., Filisetti, L., & Looney, L. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01039.x · Cited by 355
Third parties’ reactions to the abusive supervision of coworkers
Mitchell, M. S., Vogel, R. M., & Folger, R. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000002 · Cited by 337
The (non)relation between empathy and aggression: Surprising results from a meta-analysis.
Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035236 · Cited by 395
Similarity and Nurturance: Two Possible Sources of Empathy for Strangers
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Cook, J. W., & Sawyer, S. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2701_2 · Cited by 334
The Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale
Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.31.1.97 · Cited by 333
Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children
Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. A., Goldman, M., Murray, K. T., & Putnam, S. P. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x · Cited by 330
Young Children Are Intrinsically Motivated to See Others Helped
Hepach, R., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612440571 · Cited by 356
Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior
Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.017 · Cited by 325
A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy, 2nd ed.
Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11214-000 · Cited by 344
Compassion in Health Care: An Empirical Model
Sinclair, S., McClement, S., Raffin-Bouchal, S., Hack, T. F., Hagen, N. A., McConnell, S., & Chochinov, H. M. (2016) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.009 · Cited by 328
Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Betsch, C., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., Eitze, S., Schmid, P., & BOHM, R. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011674117 · Cited by 329
“This is consistent with previous work from the severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic demonstrating that more empathic people are more likely to wear masks (15) and that empathy can be regarded as a prerequisite for prosocial behavior (16).”
Result
Attachment and emotional understanding in preschool children.
Laible, D., & Thompson, R. A. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1038 · Cited by 318
Decoding the charitable brain: empathy, perspective taking, and attention shifts differentially predict altruistic giving
Tusche, A., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3392-15.2016 · Cited by 309
A Measure of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Children Using Parent Ratings
Dadds, M. R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D. J., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Merz, S., & Masry, Y. E. (2007) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0075-4 · Cited by 315
Mentoring others: A dispositional and motivational approach
Allen, T. D. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00046-5 · Cited by 313
Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: A critical review
Lovett, B. J., & Sheffield, R. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.003 · Cited by 310
Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., Brewer, L. E., Tice, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x · Cited by 312
Identity, Reasoning, and Emotion: An Empirical Comparison of Three Sources of Moral Motivation
Hardy, S. A. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9034-9 · Cited by 307
Brazilian Adolescents' Prosocial Moral Judgment and Behavior: Relations to Sympathy, Perspective Taking, Gender-Role Orientation, and Demographic Characteristics
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., & Koller, S. H. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00294 · Cited by 306
Self-citation
Understanding Individual Compassion in Organizations: The Role of Appraisals and Psychological Flexibility
Atkins, P. W. B., & Parker, S. K. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0490 · Cited by 344
Why Act for the Public Good? Four Answers
Batson, C. D. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205016 · Cited by 303
Promoting children’s prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the “Roots of Empathy” program on the social and emotional competence of school-aged children
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Smith, V., Zaidman-Zait, A., & Hertzman, C. (2012) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-011-9064-7 · Cited by 301
Young Children Selectively Avoid Helping People With Harmful Intentions
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01500.x · Cited by 321
Greater emotional empathy and prosocial behavior in late life.
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Goodkind, M. S., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025011 · Cited by 295
What Does It Take to Stand Up for the Victim of Bullying?: The Interplay Between Personal and Social Factors
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0046 · Cited by 297
Differences in Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking Across 63 Countries
Chopik, W. J., O’Brien, E., & Konrath, S. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116673910 · Cited by 301
Early Adolescence and Prosocial/Moral Behavior I:
Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Kupanoff, K. M., & Laible, D. (1999) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431699019001001 · Cited by 292
Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents.
de Wied, M., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2007) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20166 · Cited by 319
Share more, drive less: Millennials value perception and behavioral intent in using collaborative consumption services
Hwang, J., & Griffiths, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-10-2015-1560 · Cited by 288
Preschoolers’ allocations in the dictator game: The role of moral emotions
Gummerum, M., Hanoch, Y., Keller, M., Parsons, K., & Hummel, A. (2010) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2009.09.002 · Cited by 287
Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience
Ben-Ami Bartal, I., Rodgers, D. A., Bernardez Sarria, M. S., Decety, J., & Mason, P. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.01385 · Cited by 286
Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder
Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preißler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., Lammers, C.-H., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.013 · Cited by 287
Motivational Bases Of Information Processing and Strategy in Conflict and Negotiation
Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2003) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(03)01004-9 · Cited by 286
Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions
Nickerson, A. B., Mele, D., & Princiotta, D. K. (2008) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2008.06.002 · Cited by 314
Green product attributes and green purchase behavior
Sharma, A. J., & Foropon, C. R. H. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2018-1092 · Cited by 280
The neural correlates of empathy: experience, automaticity, and prosocial behavior
Rameson, L. T., Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00130 · Cited by 279
Factors Affecting the Perception of Disability: A Developmental Perspective
Babik, I., & Gardner, E. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702166 · Cited by 350
“…such as peer sociocentric status, perspective taking, cooperation, conflict resolution skills, as well as socially appropriate behaviors (Adams, 1983; Eisenberg and Miller, 1987; Eisenberg and Fabes, 1995, 1998; Eisenberg et al., 1996; Zhou et al., 2002; Sallquist et al., 2009; Carlo et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
The perils of outperformance: Sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison.
Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.307 · Cited by 286
Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation
Meyer, M. L., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N. I., & Han, S. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss019 · Cited by 277
Moral Character
Miller, C. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.001.0001 · Cited by 308
The Effects of Cognitive and Affective Perspective Taking on Empathic Concern and Altruistic Helping
Oswald, P. A. (1996) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1996.9714045 · Cited by 274
Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging.
Schumann, K., Zaki, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036738 · Cited by 299
Selfish or selfless? On the signal value of emotion in altruistic behavior.
Barasch, A., Levine, E. E., Berman, J. Z., & Small, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037207 · Cited by 282
Affective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: Compassion and vagal activity.
Stellar, J. E., Cohen, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000010 · Cited by 271
The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., García, P. S., Porcar, A. M. T., & Armenta, B. E. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025410375921 · Cited by 306
An Empathy-Helping Perspective on Consumers' Responses to Fund-Raising Appeals
Fisher, R., Vandenbosch, M. B., & Antia, K. D. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/586909 · Cited by 269
CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ferguson, R. D. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2559206 · Cited by 266
Psychometric analysis of the empathy quotient (EQ) scale.
Muncer, S., & Ling, J. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.020 · Cited by 281
Accurate identification of fear facial expressions predicts prosocial behavior.
Marsh, A. A., Kozak, M. N., & Ambady, N. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.239 · Cited by 288
Children's emotion processing: Relations to emotionality and aggression
SCHULTZ, D., Izard, C. E., & Bear, G. G. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404044566 · Cited by 300
Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents
Castillo, R., Salguero, J. M., Fernández‐Berrocal, P., & Balluerka, N. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.001 · Cited by 261
Affective motivations to help others: A two‐stage model of donation decisions
Dickert, S., Sagara, N., & Slovic, P. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.697 · Cited by 262
The revenge of the consumer! How brand moral violations lead to consumer anti-brand activism
Romani, S., Grappi, S., Zarantonello, L., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2015) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2015.38 · Cited by 262
Altruism or psychological escape: Why does empathy promote prosocial behavior?
Stocks, E. L., Lishner, D. A., & Decker, S. K. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.561 · Cited by 279
Expression recognition and behavioural problems in early adolescence
Blair, J., & Coles, M. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(01)00039-9 · Cited by 267
Gift giving: an interdisciplinary review
Sargeant, A., & Woodliffe, L. (2007) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.308 · Cited by 245
Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history
Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219894405 · Cited by 243
Extreme Protest Tactics Reduce Popular Support for Social Movements
Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Kovacheff, C. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000230 · Cited by 313
“…give rise to feelings of similarity and self-other overlap, and are particularly important for perspective taking and approach-oriented responses toward those in need of support (e.g., Eisenberg & Miller, 1987; Goetz, Keltner, & Simon-Thomas, 2010; Oveis, Horberg, & Keltner, 2010; Trivers, 1971).”
Background
The Socialization of Prosocial Development.
Hastings, P. D., Utendale, W. T., & Sullivan, C. (2007) · Cited by 242
From giftedness to talent: A developmental model and its impact on the language of the field
Gagné, F. (1995) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783199509553709 · Cited by 241
“I feel your pain”: A critical review of organizational research on empathy
Clark, M. A., Robertson, M. M., & Young, S. F. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2348 · Cited by 273
Empathy avoidance: Forestalling feeling for another in order to escape the motivational consequences.
Shaw, L. L., Batson, C. D., & Todd, R. M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.879 · Cited by 237
Who caused the pain? An fMRI investigation of empathy and intentionality in children
Decety, J., Michalska, K. J., & Akitsuki, Y. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.026 · Cited by 237
Empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior
Stiff, J. B., Dillard, J. P., Somera, L. P., Kim, H. J., & Sleight, C. (1988) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758809376166 · Cited by 238
Links between empathy, social behavior, and social understanding in early childhood
Findlay, L., Girardi, A., & Coplan, R. J. (2006) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.07.009 · Cited by 236
I'm Moral, but I Won't Help You: The Distinct Roles of Empathy and Justice in Donations
Lee, S., Winterich, K. P., & Ross, W. T. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/677226 · Cited by 236
Toward a consensus on the nature of empathy: A review of reviews
Eklund, J. H., & Meranius, M. S. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.022 · Cited by 253
Empathy or perceived credibility? An empirical study on individual donation behavior in charitable crowdfunding
Liu, L., Suh, A., & Wagner, C. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-06-2017-0240 · Cited by 262
Mitigating Psychological Reactance: The Role of Message-Induced Empathy in Persuasion
Shen, L. (2010) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01381.x · Cited by 235
Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Miller, P. A., Carlo, G., Poulin, R., Shea, C., & Shell, R. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.459 · Cited by 222
Self-citation
Relations of moral reasoning and vicarious emotion to young children's prosocial behavior toward peers and adults.
Miller, P. A., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Shell, R. M. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.210 · Cited by 230
Self-citation
The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”
Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., & Toso, D. (2008) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.01.001 · Cited by 230
Happiness and social skills
Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90152-h · Cited by 229
The use of stories in moral development: New psychological reasons for an old education method.
Vitz, P. C. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.6.709 · Cited by 232
The Neuroeconomics of Mind Reading and Empathy
Singer, T., & Fehr, E. (2005) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282805774670103 · Cited by 229
Rats demonstrate helping behavior toward a soaked conspecific
Sato, N., Tan, L., Tate, K., & Okada, M. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0872-2 · Cited by 224
Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders
Tone, E. B., & Tully, E. C. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001199 · Cited by 253
Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy
Lockwood, P. L., Apps, M. A. J., Valton, V., Viding, E. M., & Roiser, J. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1603198113 · Cited by 219
Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences
Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002 · Cited by 222
Desired emotions across cultures: A value-based account.
Tamir, M., Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Riediger, M., Torres, C. V., Scollon, C. N., Dzokoto, V. A. A., Zhou, X., & Vishkin, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000072 · Cited by 241
Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment
Omdahl, B. L., & O'Donnell, C. (1999) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01021.x · Cited by 221
The Relations of Parental Characteristics and Practices to Children's Vicarious Emotional Responding
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Carlo, G., & Miller, P. A. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01613.x · Cited by 263
Self-citation
Fixing the Problem With Empathy
Vachon, D. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114567941 · Cited by 253
The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children
Williams, A., Oâ€™Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00425 · Cited by 220
The Effects of a Serious Game on Role-Taking and Willingness to Help
Peng, W., Lee, M.-R., & Heeter, C. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01511.x · Cited by 219
Altruism as a motivation to volunteer
Unger, L. S. (1991) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/0167-4870(91)90044-t · Cited by 219
Evidence for the Altruistic Personality from Data on Accident Research
Bierhoff, H. W., Klein, R., & Kramp, P. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00776.x · Cited by 217

Authors: Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Nanjing University (CN)
ORCID: Eisenberg, Nancy
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1987
Volume: 101
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-119
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
OpenAlex: W2005210865
Cited by: 2,672
References: 124
Citations by year: 2026: 125 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 163 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 144 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 167 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 85
FWCI: 29.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (935691)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: empathy, affective empathy, prosocial behavior, cooperative behavior, social competence
MeSH terms: Empathy, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Social Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks