Empathy present and future

Hall, Judith A.; Schwartz, Rachel

doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442

Cited by 370Empathy and Medical EducationSocial and Intergroup PsychologyEmotions and Moral Behavior

Empathy present and future

Hall, Judith A., Schwartz, Rachel·2019·The Journal of Social Psychology

DOI 10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442

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Abstract

The empathy concept has central significance for social and personality psychology and in many other domains, including neuroscience, clinical/abnormal psychology, and the health professions. However, the current diversity in conceptual and operational definitions, and the promiscuous use of the term "empathy," threaten the ability of researchers to advance the field. The present article provides a quantitative review and conceptual analysis of empathy definitions and usages by examining 393 studies published between 2001 and 2013, and 96 studies published in 2017. We document the prevalence and diversity of definitions, as well as inconsistencies between conceptual definitions and measurements employed. We discuss ways to refine the conceptualization and operationalization of the empathy construct, including for many purposes, bypassing the term empathy in favor of lower-level construct labels that more precisely describe what is actually being measured. In many cases we see no added theoretical or empirical value in applying the term empathy.

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Mixed findings might be due to the jingle-jangle fallacy, whereby different definitional constructs of cognitive (or affective) empathy have been measured and conflated across different studies.
“Mixed findings might be due to the jingle-jangle fallacy, whereby different definitional constructs of cognitive (or affective) empathy have been measured and conflated across different studies (38).”
From Empathy at the heart of darkness: empathy deficits that bind the dark triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression. (2019) · cites this paper as [38]

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Interpersonal accuracy
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Military Influence Tactics: Lessons Learned in Iraq and Afghanistan
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Female Preschoolers' Verbal and Nonverbal Empathic Responses to Emotional Situations and Facial Expressions
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Performance satisfaction of depressives under high and low success conditions.
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Are self-report cognitive empathy ratings valid proxies for cognitive empathy ability? Negligible meta-analytic relations with behavioral task performance.
Murphy, B. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000732 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Experience of Empathy in Everyday Life
Depow, G. J., Francis, Z. L., & Inzlicht, M. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797621995202 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The neuroscience of empathy and compassion in pro-social behavior
Stevens, F. L., & Taber, K. H. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107925 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Sweet escape: The role of empathy in social media engagement with human versus virtual influencers
Mirowska, A., & Arsenyan, J. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103008 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Artificial empathy in healthcare chatbots: Does it feel authentic?
Seitz, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100067 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The emergence of empathy: A developmental neuroscience perspective
Decety, J., & Holvoet, C. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100999 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Facial mimicry, empathy, and emotion recognition: a meta-analysis of correlations
Holland, A. C., O’Connell, G., & Dziobek, I. (2021) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1815655 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Empathy at the heart of darkness: empathy deficits that bind the dark triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression.
Heym, N., Firth, J., Kibowski, F., Sumich, A., Egan, V., & Bloxsom, C. A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00095 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Two facets of affective empathy: concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition
Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D. A., & Fischer, A. H. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1724893 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Empathic concern and personal distress depend on situational but not dispositional factors
Fabi, S., Weber, L. A., & Leuthold, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225102 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Refining the link between psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and empathy: A meta-analytical approach across different conceptual frameworks
Campos, C., Pasion, R., Azeredo, A., Ramião, E., Mazer, P., Macedo, I., & Barbosa, F. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102145 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Caring is costly: People avoid the cognitive work of compassion.
Scheffer, J. A., Cameron, C. D., & Inzlicht, M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001073 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
How Well Can We Assess Our Ability to Understand Others’ Feelings? Beliefs About Taking Others’ Perspectives and Actual Understanding of Others’ Emotions
Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D. A., & Fischer, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02475 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
What is empathy? Oncology patient perspectives on empathic clinician behaviors
Sanders, J. J., Dubey, M., Hall, J. A., Catzen, H. Z., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., & Schwartz, R. (2021) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.33834 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
What is the Link Between Different Components of Empathy and Burnout in Healthcare Professionals? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Delgado, N., Delgado, J., Betancort, M., Bonache, H., & Harris, L. T. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s384247 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Empathy regulation, prosociality, and moral judgment
Cameron, C. D., Conway, P. J., & Scheffer, J. A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Social Frailty in Late Adulthood: Social Cognitive and Psychological Well-Being Correlates
Henry, J. D., Coundouris, S. P., Mead, J. K., Thompson, B. K., Hubbard, R. E., & Grainger, S. A. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac157 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
How do laypeople define empathy?
Hall, J. A., Schwartz, R., & Duong, F. (2020) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Embodying empathy: A phenomenological study of physician touch
Kelly, M. A., Svrcek, C., KING, N. M., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A., & Dornan, T. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14040 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Empathy: Concepts, Theories and Neuroscientific Basis
Bošnjaković, J., & Radionov, T. (2018) · Alcoholism · doi:10.20471/dec.2018.54.02.04 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
An Examination of Generative AI Response to Suicide Inquires: Content Analysis
Campbell, L. O., Babb, K., Lambie, G. W., & Hayes, B. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/73623 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Measuring perceived empathy in dialogue systems
Concannon, S. J., & Tomalin, M. (2023) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01715-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ask ChatGPT first! Transforming learning experiences in the age of artificial intelligence
Gao, L. X., López-Pérez, M. E., Melero‐Polo, I., & Trifu, A. (2024) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2323571 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What is your empathy scale not measuring? The convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of five empathy scales
Stosic, M. D., Fultz, A. A., Brown, J. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1985417 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The affiliative role of empathy in everyday interpersonal interactions
Ringwald, W. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2286 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Comparing perceived empathy and intervention strategies of an AI chatbot and human psychotherapists in online mental health support
Yonatan‐Leus, R., & Brukner, H. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12832 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Empathic Chatbot Response for Medical Assistance
Daher, K., Casas, J., Khaled, O. A., & Mugellini, E. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) · doi:10.1145/3383652.3423864 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Reflective functioning and empathy among mothers of school-aged children: Charting the space between.
Borelli, J. L., Stern, J. A., Marvin, M. J., Smiley, P. A., Pettit, C., & Samudio, M. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000747 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The risk of empathy: longitudinal associations between empathy and burnout
Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1838521 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
What is clinical empathy? Perspectives of community members, university students, cancer patients, and physicians
Hall, J. A., Schwartz, R., Duong, F., Niu, Y., Dubey, M., DeSteno, D. A., & Sanders, J. J. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.11.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
How cognitive and emotional empathy relate to rational thinking: empirical evidence and meta-analysis
Martingano, A. J., & Konrath, S. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1985415 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Antidepressant treatment, not depression, leads to reductions in behavioral and neural responses to pain empathy
Rütgen, M., Pletti, C., Tik, M., Kraus, C., Pfabigan, D. M., Sladky, R., Klöbl, M., Woletz, M., Vanicek, T., Windischberger, C., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0496-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The relationship between narcissism and empathy: A meta-analytic review
Simard, P., Simard, V., Laverdière, O., & Descôteaux, J. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104329 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fear leads to suffering: Fears of compassion predict restriction of the moral boundary
Crimston, C. R., Blessing, S., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12483 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Empathy, an important but problematic concept
Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.2004670 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
The empathy level and caring behaviors perceptions of nursing students: A cross‐sectional and correlational study
Doğdu, A. K., Aktaş, K., Ergezen, F. D., Bozkurt, S. A., Ergezen, Y., & Kol, E. (2022) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13106 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Why We Should Reject the Restrictive Isomorphic Matching Definition of Empathy
Murphy, B. A., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Algoe, S. B. (2022) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739221082215 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of the relations between anxiety and empathy
Nair, T. K., Waslin, S. M., Rodrigues, G. A., Datta, S., Moore, M., & Brumariu, L. E. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102795 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Empathy at the heart of customer experience: A holistic framework for understanding and enhancing consumer empathy through the lens of customer experience
Lehnert, L., & Kuehnl, C. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22130 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
How to become more grateful? The mediating role of resilience between empathy and gratitude
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01178-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Empathy, friend or foe? Untangling the relationship between empathy and burnout in helping professions
Stosic, M. D., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., Aleksanyan, T., Duenas, J., & Ruben, M. A. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1991259 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Another's pain in my brain: No evidence that placebo analgesia affects the sensory-discriminative component in empathy for pain
Hartmann, H., Rütgen, M., Riva, F., & Lamm, C. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117397 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A systematic literature review of ‘empathy’ and ‘games’
Schrier, K. “., & Farber, M. (2021) · Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1386/jgvw_00036_1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Empathic Validation in Physician–Patient Communication: An Approach to Conveying Empathy for Problems With Uncertain Solutions
Tietbohl, C. K. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211056312 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“I am feeling tension in my whole body”: An experimental phenomenological study of empathy for pain
Martínez‐Pernía, D., Cea, I., Troncoso, A., Blanco, K., Vergara, J. C., Baquedano, C., Araya-Véliz, C., Useros-Olmo, A. I., Huepe, D., Carrera, V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999227 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mindreading measures misread? A multimethod investigation into the validity of self-report and task-based approaches.
Wendt, L. P., Zimmermann, J., Spitzer, C., & Müller, S. (2024) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001310 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The pattern theory of compassion
Gallagher, S., Raffone, A., & Aglioti, S. M. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Understanding of empathetic communication in acute hospital settings: a scoping review
Haribhai-Thompson, J., McBride‐Henry, K., Hales, C., & Rook, H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063375 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Embracing the Emotion in Emotional Intelligence Measurement: Insights from Emotion Theory and Research
Mortillaro, M., & Schlegel, K. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11110210 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Physician empathy according to physicians: A multi-specialty qualitative analysis
Schwartz, R., Dubey, M., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., Sanders, J. J., & Hall, J. A. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.07.024 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Empathic accuracy and interpersonal coordination: behavior matching can enhance accuracy but interactional synchrony may not
Fujiwara, K., & Daibo, I. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1983509 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Taking perspective of the stories we tell about transgender rights: The narrative policy framework
Flores, A. R., Bodén, D., Haider‐Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P., & Taylor, J. K. (2022) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12475 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Limited Benefits of Using Virtual Reality 360° Videos to Promote Empathy and Charitable Giving
Martingano, A. J., Konrath, S., Henritze, E., & Brown, A. D. (2022) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08997640221125804 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Students' perceptions of interventions designed to foster empathy: An integrative review
Engbers, R. A. (2019) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104325 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Resonance as a Design Strategy for AI and Social Robots
Lomas, D., Lin, A., Dikker, S., Förster, D., Lupetti, M. L., Huisman, G., Habekost, J., Beardow, C., Pandey, P., Ahmad, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2022.850489 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Can virtual reality technology be used for empathy education in medical students: a randomized case-control study
Lin, H., Wang, Y.-C., Huang, M.-L., Yu, N., Tang, I., Hsu, Y.-C., & Huang, Y. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06009-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Building citizen trust to enhance satisfaction in digital public services: the role of empathetic chatbot communication
Zhou, M., Liu, L., & Feng, Y. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2451763 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Differences in personality functioning impairment in mood, anxiety, and personality disorders: a cluster analysis
Doubková, N., Heissler, R., Preiss, M., & Sanders, E. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03958-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Empathy Assessment Scale
Malakçıoğlu, C. (2022) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2022.55649 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Motivated empathic choices
Cameron, C. D., Scheffer, J. A., Hadjiandreou, E., & Anderson, S. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.04.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The human ability to interpret affective states in horses’ body language: The role of emotion recognition ability and previous experience with horses
Braun, M. N., Müller-Klein, A., Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., Link-Dorner, U., & Lass‐Hennemann, J. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106171 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Investigating adult age differences in real-life empathy, prosociality, and well-being using experience sampling
Pollerhoff, L., Stietz, J., Depow, G. J., Inzlicht, M., Kanske, P., Li, S., & Reiter, A. M. F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06620-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Virtual Empathy : The added value of Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy
Nascivera, N., Alfano, Y. M., Annunziato, T., Messina, M., Iorio, V. S., Cioffi, V., Sperandeo, R., Rosato, M., Longobardi, T., & Maldonato, N. M. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications · doi:10.1109/coginfocom.2018.8639906 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Role of Empathic Communication in the Relationship between Servant Leadership and Workplace Loneliness: A Serial Mediation Model
Jin, J., & Ikeda, H. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
(State) empathy: how context matters
Heyers, K., Schrödter, R., Pfeifer, L. S., Ocklenburg, S., Güntürkün, O., & Stockhorst, U. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1525517 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Investigative empathy: a strength scale of empathy based on European police perspectives
Baker-Eck, B., Bull, R., & Walsh, D. (2020) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2020.1751333 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Little Black Box: Contextualizing Empathy
Stellar, J. E., & Duong, F. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214221131275 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Inter- and Intrapersonal Downsides of Accurately Perceiving Others’ Emotions
Schlegel, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34964-6_13 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Empathic choices for animals versus humans: the role of choice context and perceived cost
Cameron, C. D., Lengieza, M. L., Hadjiandreou, E., Swim, J. K., & Chiles, R. M. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1997890 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shared hearts and minds: physiological synchrony during empathy
Qaiser, J., Leonhardt, N. D., Le, B. M., Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., & Stellar, J. E. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00210-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Observer descriptions of the empathic person: a look at the Davis IRI and Hogan empathy scales
Fultz, A. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1985416 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Listen to my feelings! How prosody and accent drive the empathic relevance of complaining speech
Mauchand, M., & Pell, M. D. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108356 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Can we train basic empathy? A phenomenological proposal
Fernandez, A. V., & Zahavi, D. (2020) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104720 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Toward feeling, understanding, and caring: The development of empathy in young autistic children
Li, B., Blijd-Hoogewys, E. M. A., Stockmann, L., Vergari, I., & Rieffe, C. J. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117955 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Do Bad People Deserve Empathy? Selective Empathy Based on Targets’ Moral Characteristics
Wang, Y., Harris, P. L., Pei, M., & Su, Y. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00165-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Empathy for wildlife: The importance of the individual
Smith, P., Mann, J., & Marsh, A. A. (2024) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-024-02017-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The self-other agreement of multiple informants on empathy measures and its relation to empathic accuracy
Roth, M., & Altmann, T. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110499 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Estudos em Ensino de Ciências e Educação Ambiental
Nápolis, P. M. M., de Oliveira, N. C. R., & dos Santos, L. S. (2024) · Wissen Editora eBooks · doi:10.52832/wed.73 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Differential associations of the two higher-order factors of mindfulness with trait empathy and the mediating role of emotional awareness
Borghi, O., Mayrhofer, L., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30323-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moral disengagement and empathy in cyberbullying: how they are related in reflection activities about a serious game
Francisco, S. M., Ferreira, P. C., Simão, A. M. V., & Pereira, N. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01582-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Emotion Recognition as a Social Act: The Role of the Expresser-Observer Relationship in Recognizing Emotions
Fischer, A. H., Pauw, L. S., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32968-6_2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prosocial Video Game Content, Empathy and Cognitive Ability in a Large Sample of Youth
García, S., Ferguson, C. J., & Wang, C. K. J. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01512-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Doctors, Patients, and Interpreters’ Views on the Co-Construction of Empathic Communication in Interpreter-Mediated Consultations: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Video Stimulated Recall Interviews
Theys, L., Wermuth, C., Hsieh, E., Krystallidou, D., Pype, P. F., & Salaets, H. (2022) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323221119369 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measuring Empathy Across the Adult Lifespan: A Comparison of Three Assessment Types
Grainger, S. A., McKay, K. T., Riches, J., Chander, R. J., Cleary, R., Mather, K. A., Kochan, N. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Henry, J. D. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221127902 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Do Social Cognition Deficits Recover with Abstinence in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients?
Rupp, C. I., Junker, D., Kemmler, G., Mangweth‐Matzek, B., & Derntl, B. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14537 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cold hearts and dark minds: a systematic review and meta-analysis of empathy across dark triad personalities
Shukla, M., & Upadhyay, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1546917 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Emotional, behavioural, and conceptual dimensions of teacher-parent simulations
Levin, O. (2023) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2023.2236948 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Humans peak in midlife: A combined cognitive and personality trait perspective
Gignac, G. E., & Zajenkowski, M. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101961 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The money priming debate revisited: A review, meta‐analysis, and extension to organizations
Stajković, A. D., Greenwald, J. M., & Stajkovic, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2619 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) “Empathy”? A Study Comparing ChatGPT and Physician Responses on an Online Forum
Ruben, M. A., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., & Hall, J. A. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-10068-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Robot Facial Expression Framework for Enhancing Empathy in Human-Robot Interaction
Park, U., Kim, M., Jang, Y., Lee, G., Kim, K., Kim, I.-J., & Choi, J. (2021) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515533 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Empathy, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking as mediators between primary psychopathic traits and driving behaviors in French driving offenders
Karras, M., Csillik, A. S., & Delhomme, P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23447 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The role of empathy in shared intentionality: Contributions from Inter-Processual Self theory
Luís, E. O., Martı́nez, M., Akrivou, K., Scalzo, G. R., Pinillos, M. A., & Semper, J. V. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1079950 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analyzing the Factor Structure of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Dimensionality, Reliability, Validity, Measurement Invariance and One-Year Stability of the German Version
Janelt, T., Altmann, T., Spreng, R. N., & Roth, M. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2023.2224873 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An Interactional Account of Empathy in Human-Machine Communication
Concannon, S. J., Roberts, I., & Tomalin, M. (2023) · Human-Machine Communication · doi:10.30658/hmc.6.6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Link Between Attitudes Toward Animals and Empathy With Humans in China: Mediation of Empathy With Animals
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Authors: Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
Corresponding author: Hall, Judith A.
ORCID: Hall, Judith A.
Schwartz, Rachel
Venue: The Journal of Social Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-06-18
Volume: 159
Issue: 3
Pages: 225-243
ISSN: 0022-4545 (ISSN-L)
1940-1183
DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442
OpenAlex: W2804479262
Semantic Scholar: 5885633e02245aa7d604009189865c194b763ff5
Cited by: 370
References: 109
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 2.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: empathy, construct validity, measurement discrepancy, conceptual analysis
MeSH terms: Empathy, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Psychology, Social

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