Cited by 2,259Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Binge eating as escape from self-awareness

Heatherton, Todd F., Baumeister, Roy F.·1991·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.86

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Abstract

This article proposes that binge eating is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness. Binge eaters suffer from high standards and expectations, especially an acute sensitivity to the difficult (perceived) demands of others. When they fall short of these standards, they develop an aversive pattern of high self-awareness, characterized by unflattering views of self and concern over how they are perceived by others. These aversive self-perceptions are accompanied by emotional distress, which often includes anxiety and depression. To escape from this unpleasant state, binge eaters attempt the cognitive response of narrowing attention to the immediate stimulus environment and avoiding broadly meaningful thought. This narrowing of attention disengages normal inhibitions against eating and fosters an uncritical acceptance of irrational beliefs and thoughts. The escape model is capable of integrating much of the available evidence about binge eating.

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Authors: Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Heatherton, Todd F.
Baumeister, Roy F.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991
Volume: 110
Issue: 1
Pages: 86-108
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.86
OpenAlex: W1993335407
Cited by: 2,259
References: 265
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 94
FWCI: 28.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: binge eating, self-awareness, self-perception, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, attentional narrowing, cognitive disengagement, irrational beliefs, social expectations, dietary habits
MeSH terms: Body Image, Bulimia, Defense Mechanisms, Diet, Reducing, Escape Reaction, Female, Humans, Hyperphagia, Obesity, Self Concept, Social Environment

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Binge eating as escape from self-awareness

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