The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups.
Abstract
Reviews literature relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect. The review assesses whether the effect emerges in both natural- and minimal-group contexts. Data relevant to the out-group homogeneity effects are examined for 3 types of dependent measures. Whereas strong support for the effect is obtained across all measures in natural-group settings, no consistent effect is observed in minimal-group settings. Some theories (need-based motives, salience of self, and generalized homogeneity beliefs) predict the occurrence of the effect in both natural and minimal groups, whereas others (group-specific homogeneity beliefs and information encoding and retrieval) predict the occurrence of the effect only for natural groups. The question of whether conditions exist under which the out-group homogeneity can be produced in the minimal-group setting is addressed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The misestimation of the extremism of rival groups via stereotypical generalization is accompanied by a tendency to hyperrepresent outgroup homogeneity (Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992).”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992
Citations
Cites
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Social psychology of intergroup relations
Tajfel, H. (1982) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245 · Cited by 7,949
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.
Brewer, M. B. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307 · Cited by 3,411
Social Identity and Intergroup Relations.
Glassner, B., & Tajfel, H. (1985) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069233 · Cited by 3,232
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Beer, W. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069383 · Cited by 1,491
Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students.
Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0074049 · Cited by 1,490
What's new? Acquiring New information as a process in comprehension
Haviland, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1974) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80003-4 · Cited by 1,157
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 335
The Shifting Salience of Skin Color for Educational Attainment
Branigan, A. R., Jeremy Freese, A., Sidney, S., & Kiefe, C. I. (2019) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023119889829 · Cited by 4
Explaining the evolution of parochial punishment in humans
dos Santos, M., & Knoch, D. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.10.002 · Cited by 4
Interethnic Differences (or Similarities?) in the Relative Individuation of Women and Men
Stewart, T. L., Jaspers, K. E., Estes, S. B., & Latu, I. M. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9224-2 · Cited by 4
Singh, R., Lim, H. K., Sankaran, K., & Bhullar, N. (2015) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2018.01.002 · Cited by 4
Direct and indirect assessment of group homogeneity perceptions in a natural group setting
Cabecinhas, R., Lorenzi‐Cioldi, F., & Novelle, A. D. (2003) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 4
Mere membershipPreprint
Dunham, Y. C. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ux2g9 · Cited by 4
Advancing Our Understanding of Cultural Competence: An Affective Learning Processes (ALPs) Model
Chao, M. M. (2025) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2025.2525678 · Cited by 5
Atia, R., Balmas, M., Harel, T. O., & Halperin, E. (2025) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2025.2458593 · Cited by 5
Cha, Y., & Xiao, F. (2025) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2025.107908 · Cited by 3
You Got the Job! Understanding Hiring Decisions for Robots as Organizational Members
Heitlinger, L., Stock‐Homburg, R., & Wolf, F. D. (2022) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889444 · Cited by 3
Shomron, B. (2023) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2023.2243253 · Cited by 3
Perception of Masculinity and Femininity of Kibbutz and Urban Adolescents
Lobel, T. E., & Bar, E. (1997) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1025656013036 · Cited by 3
Category size and judgments of variability: The effects of seeing the trees in the forest1
Karasawa, M., & Brewer, M. B. (1996) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.1996.tb00026.x · Cited by 3
Perseverance Furthers: Aims of and Sympathy for Both Student and Nonstudent Sampling
Fiske, S. T. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802049829 · Cited by 3
Decoupling and Intergroup Dynamics in Behavioral Strategy, and a More Integrative Alternative
Westphal, J. D. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-332220180000039003 · Cited by 3
Singh, R., Bhullar, N., & Sankaran, K. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2520348 · Cited by 3
Machunsky, M. (2005) · Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund) · Cited by 3
Differences in Perception of Male and Female Leaders in Two Work Domains
Fjærli, B. A. B. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 3
Automatic imitation of in- and out-group membersPreprint
Genschow, O., Westfal, M., Cracco, E., & Crusius, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yurdk · Cited by 3
Santos, A. S., Garcia‐Marques, L., Palma, T. A., & Reese, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59929-0 · Cited by 2
Single but Not Singular: Exploring The Diverse Realities of Singleness in Indonesia
Himawan, K. K., & Claudia, C. (2025) · Contemporary perspectives on family research · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520250000030013 · Cited by 2
Expatriate Compensation in Contemporary Organizations
McWha‐Hermann, I., & Cook‐Lundgren, E. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003110033-4 · Cited by 2
Li, Z., Chen, P., & Luo, J. M. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13060442 · Cited by 2
Sampaio, W. M., Freitas, A. L., Reichter, L. F., dos Santos, G. T. M., & Boggio, P. S. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.250765 · Cited by 2
[Effect of ingroup membership on organizational meta-representation].
Calvo, J. M. D. M., Gallo, I. S., Ríos, M. F., & Díaz, M. Á. R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 2
The Neurobiology of Stereotyping and Prejudice
Nelson, T. D. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4473-8_22 · Cited by 2
Stereotyping and Marketing: Out-Group Homogeneity Bias and Entry to Competitive Markets
Bendle, N. T., & Perkins, A. W. (2019) · Customer Needs and Solutions · doi:10.1007/s40547-019-00097-y · Cited by 2
The Non-Orthodox in The Martyrdom of John the New by Gregory Camblak Patterns of Dehumanization
Wolski, J. M. (2021) · Studia Ceranea Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe · doi:10.18778/2084-140x.11.39 · Cited by 2
Vaz, A., Mata, A., & Palma, T. A. (2022) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2022.40.4.364 · Cited by 2
Gonzalez, A. C., Fraune, M. R., & Wullenkord, R. (2022) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3527188.3561930 · Cited by 2
Haters are all the same: Perceptions of group homogeneity following positive vs. negative feedback
Savitsky, K., Cone, J., Rubel, J., & Eibach, R. P. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.01.013 · Cited by 2
Representation of Arabs by Israeli Jews: Review of Empirical Research
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.010 · Cited by 2
The Context: The Arab-Israeli Intractable Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.006 · Cited by 2
Rubin, M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6j2nk · Cited by 2
‘Seen one, seen ‘em all’: political outgroup homogeneity and negative affect
Grünewald, F. (2025) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2025.2489869 · Cited by 1
Out-group homogeneity as evidence of left-right identification in multi-party democracies
Lin, N. C. N., Santoso, L. P., & Stevenson, R. T. (2026) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1017/s147567652610070x · Cited by 1
Salès-Wuillemin, É., & Specogna, A. (2005) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.477.0351 · Cited by 10
La rencontre de la psychologie individuelle et de la psychologie sociétale
Lorenzi‐Cioldi, F. (2005) · Hermès · doi:10.4267/2042/8956 · Cited by 1
Representation of Arabs in Public Discourse
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.007 · Cited by 1
‘They All Look the Same to Me.’ An Agent Based Simulation of Out-Group Homogeneity
Depping, A. E., Osgood, N. D., & Kreuger, K. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60240-0_7 · Cited by 1
Diversity and Ethnic Conflicts
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0008 · Cited by 1
"Now Imagine You're One of Them": Using Serious Games to Induce Identification with Out-Groups
Newman, & Ganer, L. (2012) · Cited by 1
Emig, Y., & Erb, H. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3084 · Cited by 1
The Ecological Theory of Social Perception Is Dyadic: Conceptual and Empirical Implications
Malloy, T. E., Henderson, D., Pery, S., & Agatstein, F. C. (2024) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2024.2377654 · Cited by 1
On the Role of Culture in Promotion and Prevention Focus
Griesberg, M. C., Rohmann, A., & Dorrough, A. R. (2025) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2025.2525685 · Cited by 1
The Reflection of Social Images in Human Figure Drawing
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.014 · Cited by 1
Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.002 · Cited by 1
Selective Information Sampling and the In-Group Heterogeneity Effect.
Konovalova, E., & Mens, G. L. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Dishonest collaboration in an intergroup context.
van Lent, T., Verwijmeren, T., & Bijlstra, G. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12675
Effekten av etnicitet på minnesprocesser vid ansiktsigenkänning: en ERP-studie
Lindqvist, K., & Aspeqvist, E. (2013) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Representation of Arabs in School Textbooks
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.008 · Cited by 1
Henderson-King, E. I. (1999) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430299024002 · Cited by 1
Perceiver Differences and Judgments of Group Entitativity
McMinn, J. G. (2003) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Tube feeding syndrome (protein intoxication), (a report of three cases).
Reddy, D. R., Prabhakar, V., & Rao, B. D. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Harmonic Analysis of Social CognitionPreprint
Maass, A., Pavon, M., & Suitner, C. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.14338 · Cited by 1
Bavel, J. J. V. (2009) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Yang, G. S. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España
Rojo-Martínez, J. M. (2025) · Papers. Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers.3363
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.015
Klaaren, K. J. (2004) · Safundi · doi:10.1080/17533170400305403
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.016
How the Motivation to Make Fair Judgments Influences Memory for In- and Out-Group Behavior
Scarabis, M., & Florack, A. (2008) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.67.4.241
Intergroup and intragroup processing in self-stereotyping: The moderating effect of group status
Katzarska-Miller, I. I. (2009) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
PMENT PMENT RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS
Rola, A. C., & Coxhead, I. (2004)
Forgiving Warriors: Does Outgroup Threat Reduce Ingroup Aggression Among Males?
Chester, D. S. (2013) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.012
Rea, A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/ewaw-hc28
Psychological Intergroup Repertoire in Intractable Conflicts
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.005
Television Drama and Partially Structured Measure of Racial Attitudes
Zhang, L., & Busselle, R. W. (2013) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2013.835632
The Psychological Basis of Intergroup Relations
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.004
The Development of Shared Psychological Intergroup Repertoire in a Conflict: Theory and Methods
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.011
Goff, P. A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137456069_5
The Negative Side Effects of Transparency
Sabbagh, D. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230607392_6
Representation of Arabs in Cultural Products
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.009
Imperfectly Known or Socially Constructed? What is Truth Again?
Campanario, S. C., & Yost, P. R. (2017)
Shhhuicide Stories: A Crip Critical Analysis of Attempt Survivors' Narrations of Suicidality
Krebs, E. (2017) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
How Geographic and Social Distance Affect Perceptions of Teams and Their MembersPreprint
Wilson, J. M., Crisp, C. B., & Mortensen, M. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3013096
You Can’t Root for Both Teams!: Convergent Evidence for the Unidirectionality of Group Loyalty
Kruger, D. J., Day, M. M., Duan, A., Heyblom, A. M., Juhasz, D., Misevich, S. L., Phaneuf-Hadd, C. V., Saunders, C. M., Sonnega, P. A., & Sreenivasa, V. (2018) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-018-0178-0
Weßels, N. M., Zimmermann, J., Biesanz, J. C., & Leising, D. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5dg94 · Cited by 1
Teichman, Y., Stein, H., & Shechner, T. (2019) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2443
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0007
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0006
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0001
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0009
Vrantsidis, T. H., & Cunningham, W. A. (2020) · Cognitive Science
Maass, Pavon & Suitner HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL COGNITIONPreprint
Maass, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rb6sf
The effect of victim race on jurors’ perceptions of lethal use of force
Ewanation, L. A. (2021) · doi:10.22215/etd/2021-14809
Group Formation and Other Elementary Group Processes
Brown, P. R., & Pehrson, D. S. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118719244.ch2
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.001
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.003
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0002
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0004
Careem, A., Jussim, L. J., & Rubinstein, R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0086
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0003
The effects of winning and losing on perceived group variability.Preprint
Rubin, M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aypws
Weissmark, M. S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190686345.003.0010
Rostoványi, Z. (2022) · Educatio · doi:10.1556/2063.31.2022.4.2
Asymmetric cognitive learning mechanisms underlying the persistence of intergroup biasPreprint
Nafcha, O., & Hertz, U. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b95ev
Willscheid, N., & Bublatzky, F. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cukh3
Metadata
- Authors
- Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1992-11
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 536-552
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1998904405
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 29.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- minimal groups, natural groups, intergroup perception, intergroup attitudes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review