The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Source monitoring.
Abstract
A framework for understanding source monitoring and relevant empirical evidence is described, and several related phenomena are discussed: old-new recognition, indirect tests, eyewitness testimony, misattributed familiarity, cryptomnesia, and incorporation of fiction into fact. Disruptions in source monitoring (e.g., from confabulation, amnesia, and aging) and the brain regions that are involved are also considered, and source monitoring within a general memory architecture is discussed. It is argued that source monitoring is based on qualities of experience resulting from combinations of perceptual and reflective processes, usually requires relatively differentiated phenomenal experience, and involves attributions varying in deliberateness. These judgments evaluate information according to flexible criteria and are subject to error and disruption. Furthermore, diencephalic and temporal regions may play different roles in source monitoring than do frontal regions of the brain.
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In the citing paper
“By the continuist view, failures of source/reality monitoring occur because remembered and imagined events are often very similar in content and phenomenology, for instance, when imagined events are elaborate, vivid, and plausible (Devitt, Monk-Fromont, Schacter, & Addis, 2016;Garry, Manning, Loftus, & Sherman, 1996;Johnson et al., 1993).”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1993
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, rats were shown to be able to discriminate between self- or experimenter-generated information [99]; a form of source memory known as reality monitoring [100].”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Episodic memory reconstruction is facilitated through source monitoring processes, which allows two different episodes that share multiple common features, such as occurring in the same place with the same person, to be differentiated between [100].”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612451018 · Cited by 2,920
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483 · Cited by 2,548
The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087 · Cited by 1,836
Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory
Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015 · Cited by 1,471
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S.
- ORCID
- Lindsay, D. Stephen
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-28
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W4234477066
- Cited by
- 3,392
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 121 · 2012: 130
- FWCI
- 18.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009253)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- source monitoring, old/new recognition, eyewitness testimony, misattribution, cryptomnesia, confabulation, amnesia, aging, memory architecture, phenomenal experience, memory errors
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain Mapping, Humans, Imagination, Mental Processes, Psychophysiology, Reality Testing, Mental Recall
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