Cited by 3,392Memory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and MemoryIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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Source monitoring.

Johnson, Marcia K., Hashtroudi, Shahin, Lindsay, D. Stephen·1993·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

A framework for understanding source monitoring and relevant empirical evidence is described, and several related phenomena are discussed: old-new recognition, indirect tests, eyewitness testimony, misattributed familiarity, cryptomnesia, and incorporation of fiction into fact. Disruptions in source monitoring (e.g., from confabulation, amnesia, and aging) and the brain regions that are involved are also considered, and source monitoring within a general memory architecture is discussed. It is argued that source monitoring is based on qualities of experience resulting from combinations of perceptual and reflective processes, usually requires relatively differentiated phenomenal experience, and involves attributions varying in deliberateness. These judgments evaluate information according to flexible criteria and are subject to error and disruption. Furthermore, diencephalic and temporal regions may play different roles in source monitoring than do frontal regions of the brain.

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Authors: Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S.
ORCID: Lindsay, D. Stephen
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-28
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3
OpenAlex: W4234477066
Cited by: 3,392
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 118 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 121 · 2012: 130
FWCI: 18.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG009253)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: source monitoring, old/new recognition, eyewitness testimony, misattribution, cryptomnesia, confabulation, amnesia, aging, memory architecture, phenomenal experience, memory errors
MeSH terms: Attention, Brain Mapping, Humans, Imagination, Mental Processes, Psychophysiology, Reality Testing, Mental Recall

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Source monitoring.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks