Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental€cological analysis.

Belsky, Jay

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413

Cited by 1,323Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionIntimate Partner and Family Violence

Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental€cological analysis.

Belsky, Jay·1993·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413

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Abstract

This article applies a developmental-ecological perspective to the question of the etiology of physical child abuse and neglect by organizing the paper around a variety of "contexts of maltreatment." The roles of parent and child characteristics and processes are considered ("developmental context"), including an examination of intergenerational transmission. The "immediate interactional context" of maltreatment, which focuses on the parenting and parent-child interactional processes associated with abuse and neglect, is analyzed. Finally, the "broader context" is discussed with 3 specific subsections dealing with the community, cultural, and evolutionary contexts of child maltreatment. Implications for intervention are considered and future research directions are outlined.

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Abuse is the result of the interaction between individual, family, social, and cultural factors, and having been abused in childhood is only one of the individual factors that may be involved.
“In addition, it must be kept in mind that abuse is the result of the interaction between individual, family, social, and cultural factors [18] and that having been abused in childhood is, therefore, only one of the individual factors that may be involved.”
From Psychoanalytic Interventions with Abusive Parents: An Opportunity for Children’s Mental Health (2022) · cites this paper as [18]

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Childrearing history, marital quality, and maternal affect: Intergenerational transmission in a low-risk sample
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Prediction of child abuse: A prospective study of feasibility
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Interpersonal Relationships and Child-Rearing Practices in 214 Parents of Battered Children
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An epidemiological study of abused children and their families in the united kingdom between 1977 and 1982
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A Comparison of Abused Children and Their Nonabused Siblings
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Prediction of Child Maltreatment during Pregnancy
Altemeier, W. A., Vietze, P. M., Sherrod, K. B., Sandler, H. M., Falsey, S., & O'Connor, S. M. (1979) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61037-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Unplanned Childbearing and Family Size: Their Relationship to Child Neglect and Abuse
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The price of privacy in the social dynamics of child abuse.
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Maternal perinatal risk factors and child abuse
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The Swedish Prohibition of Corporal Punishment: A Preliminary Report
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The Risk of Abusive Violence among Children with Nongenetic Caretakers
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Child Abuse as an Area of Aggression Research
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Child abusers as parents and children: a review
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The relationship between unemployment and physical abuse of children
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Child abuse in Georgia: a method to evaluate risk factors and reporting bias.
Jason, J. M., Andereck, N. D., Marks, J., et al. (1982) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.72.12.1353 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Starr, R. H. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 45 · see citing works
THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE MALTREATMENT SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
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Slaughter of the innocents
Bakan, D. (1973) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374417309532518 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Demythologizing Child Abuse
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Child Maltreatment, Infant-Parent Attachment Security, and Dysfunctional Peer Relationships in Toddlerhood
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Maternal Employment and Violence toward Children
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What Changes the Societal Prevalence of Domestic Violence?
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Self-Esteem and Stress as Factors in Abuse of Children
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Maternal Maturity and Maltreatment
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Children's Illnesses as Risk Factors for Child Abuse
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MMPI profiles of high-risk and outpatient mothers
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Physically abusive parents and the 16-PF: A preliminary psychological typology
Francis, C. R., Hughes, H. M., & Hitz, L. C. (1992) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90105-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Supreme Court on spanking: Upholding discipline or abuse
Zigler, E., & Hunsinger, S. (1977) · Young children · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Violence to the Family
Burgess, R. L., Garbarino, J., & Gilstrap, B. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-155140-7.50015-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Heart-rate responses to snakes among behaviorally avoidant and nonavoidant college students
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CHILD INFLUENCES ON ADULT CONTROLS
Brunk, M. A., & Henggeler, S. W. (1984) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview
van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review
Gershoff, E. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 · Cited by 2,165 · see citing works
FAMILIES AS SYSTEMS
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.243 · Cited by 1,939 · see citing works
Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study
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Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene×environment interactions
Meaney, M. J. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and neglect: specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality
BROWN, J., COHEN, P., JOHNSON, J. G., & SMAILES, E. M. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00009 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E. M., & Stall, R. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.190009 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and health care utilization
Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., & Naimark, B. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.020 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of abuse: A two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample
Pears, K. C., & Capaldi, D. M. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00286-1 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Acquisition of the algorithms of social life: a domain-based approach
Bugental, D. B. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.187 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Child and Adolescent Abuse and Neglect Research: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part I: Physical and Emotional Abuse and Neglect
KAPLAN, S. J., PELCOVITZ, D., & LABRUNA, V. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199910000-00009 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The signal functions of early infant crying
Soltis, J. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0400010x · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Testing the Cycle of Maltreatment Hypothesis: Meta-Analytic Evidence of the Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment
Madigan, S., Cyr, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R. M. P., Ly, A., Rash, C., Poole, J. C., & Alink, L. R. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001700 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review.
Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen, M. W. C. M., de Jong, N. M., Oort, F. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Hoeve, M. (2019) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000188 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting
Ramiro, L. S., Madrid, B. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.012 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Pediatric primary care to help prevent child maltreatment: the Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) model
Dubowitz, H., Feigelman, S., Lane, W., & Kim, J. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1376 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Child maltreatment in the “Children of the nineties”
Sidebotham, P., & Golding, J. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00261-7 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of warm-sensitive-stimulating parenting: a prospective study of mothers and fathers of 3-year-olds
Belsky, J., Jaffee, S. R., Sligo, J., Woodward, L., & Silva, P. A. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
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Does maltreatment beget maltreatment? A systematic review of the intergenerational literature
Thornberry, T. P., Knight, K. E., & Lovegrove, P. J. (2012) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012447697 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Umbrella synthesis of meta‐analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Coughlan, B., & Reijman, S. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13147 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire
Walsh, C. A., MacMillan, H. L., Trocmé, N., Jamieson, E., & Boyle, M. H. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.003 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships as a Moderator of Intergenerational Continuity of Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis
Schofield, T. J., Lee, R. D., & Merrick, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.004 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: a popular concept obscured by methodological limitations
Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00267-8 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse: how good is the evidence?
Ertem, I. O., Leventhal, J. M., & Dobbs, S. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02656-8 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Predicting abuse-prone parental attitudes and discipline practices in a nationally representative sample
Jackson, S., Thompson, R. A., Christiansen, E. H., Colman, R. A., Wyatt, J., Buckendahl, C. W., Wilcox, B. L., & Peterson, R. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00108-2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Type-specific intergenerational transmission of neglectful and physically abusive parenting behaviors among young parents
Kim, J. (2009) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.02.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The influence of maternal history of abuse on parenting knowledge and behavior
Bert, S. C., Guner, B. M., Lanzi, R. G., & Neglect, C. P. C. (2009) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00545.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli in high- and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers
Milner, J. S., Halsey, L. B., & Fultz, J. (1995) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00035-7 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Childhood sexual abuse history and role reversal in parenting
Alexander, P. C., Teti, L., & Anderson, C. L. (2000) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00142-3 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Impact of a maternal history of childhood abuse on the development of mother-infant interaction during the first year of life
Fuchs, A., Möhler, E., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.023 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Social isolation of neglectful families: a review of social support assessment and intervention models
DePanfilis, D. (1996) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559596001001005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Germ Cell Origins of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk: The Transgenerational Impact of Parental Stress Experience
Rodgers, A. B., & Bale, T. L. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dyadic concordance in mother and preschooler resting cardiovascular function varies by risk status
Creaven, A., Skowron, E. A., Hughes, B. M., Howard, S., & Loken, E. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21098 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of harsh discipline: The moderating role of parenting stress and parent gender
Niu, H., Liu, L., & Wang, M. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.017 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Intergenerational continuity/discontinuity of child maltreatment among low-income mother–child dyads: The roles of childhood maltreatment characteristics, maternal psychological functioning, and family ecology
St-Laurent, D., Dubois-Comtois, K., Milot, T., & Cantinotti, M. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941800161x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A review of infants’ and children’s facial cues’ influence on adults’ perceptions and behaviors.
Franklin, P., & Volk, A. A. (2018) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000108 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sensitive, stimulating caregiving predicts cognitive and behavioral resilience in neurodevelopmentally at-risk infants
Jaffee, S. R. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000326 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The association between childhood maltreatment experiences and the onset of maltreatment perpetration in young adulthood controlling for proximal and distal risk factors
Ben-David, V., Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B., & Kohl, P. L. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.013 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Impact of Adolescent Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence on Substance Use in Early Adulthood
Smith, C. A., Elwyn, L. J., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2010) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.219 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity
Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Bennett, K. J., Brown, M. J., & Hung, P. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.009 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Child abuse history in teen mothers and parent–child risk processes for offspring externalizing problems
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Authors: Belsky, J.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Belsky, Jay
ORCID: Belsky, Jay
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 3
Pages: 413-434
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413
OpenAlex: W1994634816
Cited by: 1,323
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Keywords: child abuse, child physical abuse, child neglect, etiology, intergenerational transmission, parenting, parent-child interaction, community context, cultural context, evolutionary context, intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Personality, Social Support

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Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental€cological analysis.

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