Cited by 1,682Personality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.

Block, Jack·1995·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187

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Abstract

The 5-factor approach (FFA) to personality description has been represented as a comprehensive and compelling rubric for assessment. In this article, various misgivings about the FFA are delineated. The algorithmic method of factor analysis may not provide dimensions that are incisive. The "discovery" of the five factors may be influenced by unrecognized constraints on the variable sets analyzed. Lexical analyses are based on questionable conceptual and methodological assumptions, and have achieved uncertain results. The questionnaire version of the FFA has not demonstrated the special merits and sufficiencies of the five factors settled upon. Serious uncertainties have arisen in regard to the claimed 5-factor structure and the substantive meanings of the factors. Some implications of these problems are drawn.

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Leder, J., Häusser, J. A., Krumm, S., Germar, M., Schlemmer, A., Kaiser, S., Kalis, A., & Mojzisch, A. (2018) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12678 · Cited by 11
“…cognitive underpinnings) provides insights as to how option generation is distinct from other abilities, thus avoiding jingle-and-jangle fallacies (i.e., two different constructs mistakenly treated as identical or identical constructs mistakenly treated as two different constructs; Block, 1995).”
Background
An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour
Mobbs, A. E. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227877 · Cited by 15
“The observed correlations between the five factors of five-factor models has hitherto evaded theoretical explanation[56,60,115,116].”
Background
An Online ‘Face to Face’ Focus Group Approach for Understanding How Household Energy Use and Green Investment Decisions Differ by Personality Traits
Turner, P., Rushby, T., Gauthier, S., James, P. A. B., Bahaj, A. S., Aragón, V., Sweetnam, T., & Ellis, D. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211038312 · Cited by 12
“While there is some uncertainty over the merits and meaning of the five traits (Block, 1995), they have been widely accepted and used as the principal model of personality in a number of studies concerning environmental decisionmaking and behaviour (Brick & Lewis, 2016; Busic-Sontic & Brick, 2018;…”
Method
The Construct Validity of Intellect and Openness as Distinct Aspects of Personality through Differential Associations with Reaction Time
Willoughby, E. A., Kim, Y., Lee, J. J., & DeYoung, C. G. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11020030 · Cited by 12
“One common criticism of psychological constructs derived by factor analysis of questionnaire items is that they rely on inadequately incisive method of distinguishing factors, leading some researchers to question their psychometric validity (e.g., Block 1995; Eysenck 1994).”
Method
Estructura de la personalidad: ortogonalidad versus oblicuidad
Ruiz, G., & Jiménez, J. A. (2004) · Hispana · Cited by 11
Reanalyzing the 16pf-5 second order structure: Exploratory versus confirmatory factorial analysis
Aluja, A., Blanch, À., & Garcı́a, L. F. (2005) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173561 · Cited by 12
“EFA, although nearly all CFA studies have rejected the simple 5-factor structure ( Block, 1995; Costa & McCrae, 1992; Vassend & Skrondal, 1997; Zuckerman, 1992).”
Method
PTSD personality subtypes in women exposed to intimate-partner violence.
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., & Duranceau, S. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000003 · Cited by 12
“The five-factor model has been further criticized for lacking a theoretical basis 29 (Block, 1995).”
Background
Conceptual and Statistical Interactions: An Illustration with the AB5C and CWBs
Burns, G. N., Morris, M. B., & Wright, C. P. (2013) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9287-8 · Cited by 11
“impact of personality in the workplace (Block 1995; John et al. 1991).”
Background
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN MARKET MAVENSIM USING BIG FIVE MODEL
Vazifehdoost, H., Akbari, M., & Charsted, P. (2012) · International journal of management and business research · Cited by 11
The role of personality traits in the choice and use of the compensation category of English language learning strategies
Fazeli, S. H. (2012) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2012/v5i6.24 · Cited by 11
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11
Can prototypes inform moral developmental theory?
Hart, D. A. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.34.3.420 · Cited by 11
The relationship between procrastination and academic achievement of high school learners in North West province, South Africa
Joubert, C. P. (2015) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 11
Untitled work
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 1,034
Untitled work
(1996) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199611)17:6
Untitled work
(2011) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 41

Authors: Block, J.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Block, Jack
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 117
Issue: 2
Pages: 187-215
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187
OpenAlex: W2042236540
Cited by: 1,682
References: 182
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 75.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-16080, R01MH016080)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Big Five personality traits, personality structure, personality assessment, questionnaire validity
MeSH terms: Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Personality Assessment, Personality Development, Personality Disorders, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results

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A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.

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