The DOI matches its Crossref record; 212 of the 212 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.
Abstract
Current developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central role in negative emotions. This article reviews findings in the area of anxiety and depression, helplessness, locus of control, explanatory style, animal learning, biology, parenting, attachment theory, and childhood stress and resilience to articulate a model of the environmental influences on the development of anxiety. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that early experience with diminished control may foster a cognitive style characterized by an increased probability of interpreting or processing subsequent events as out of one's control, which may represent a psychological vulnerability for anxiety. Implications for research are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“destructive interparental interactions are stressful for adolescents to observe (Davies et al. 2007; El-Sheikh 1994), provide children with poor models of effective coping (Chorpita and Barlow 1998), and threaten children’s safety and security within the family system (Davies and Cummings 1994).”
From Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents. (2020) · cites this paper as Chorpita and Barlow 1998
In the citing paper
“To understand the onset of fear and anxiety, the perception of control over stimuli that signal danger is essential (Chorpita and Barlow, 1998).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Chorpita and Barlow, 1998
In the citing paper
“Social learning theory and research show that persistent exposure to relatively uncontrollable social stressors instills a diminished sense of agency for coping with future stressors (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998)”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Chorpita & Barlow, 1998
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148
Social Foundations of Thought and Action
Bandura, A. (2002) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446221129.n6 · Cited by 9,948
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · cited 1×
“According to classic attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980), the parent serves an evolutionary and biological function of a protective and secure base (i.e., attachment object) from which the child operates.”
BackgroundDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80036-4 · Cited by 1,430
Self-citationBrave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety
McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003 · Cited by 1,149
Metadata
- Authors
- Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1998-07
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-21
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1971570247
- Cited by
- 1,382
- References
- 212
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 27.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- anxiety development, locus of control, early life environment, helplessness, attributional style, attachment theory, parenting, childhood stress, resilience, depression, psychological vulnerability, animal learning, cognitive style
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Social Environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
