Cited by 1,382Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.

Chorpita, Bruce F., Barlow, David H.·1998·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3

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Abstract

Current developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central role in negative emotions. This article reviews findings in the area of anxiety and depression, helplessness, locus of control, explanatory style, animal learning, biology, parenting, attachment theory, and childhood stress and resilience to articulate a model of the environmental influences on the development of anxiety. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that early experience with diminished control may foster a cognitive style characterized by an increased probability of interpreting or processing subsequent events as out of one's control, which may represent a psychological vulnerability for anxiety. Implications for research are discussed.

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“To understand the onset of fear and anxiety, the perception of control over stimuli that signal danger is essential (Chorpita and Barlow, 1998).”
Background
Fear of the unknown as a mechanism of the inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress
Ostafin, B. D., Papenfuss, I., & Vervaeke, J. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1994556 · Cited by 18
Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents.
Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Seiter, N. S., Broderick, P. C., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01599-y · Cited by 16
Parents’ difficulties as co-therapists in CBT among non-responding youths with anxiety disorders: Parent and therapist experiences
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Prospective cohort feasibility study of a transdiagnostic group intervention for common mental health problems: The Take Control Course
Morris, L., Mansell, W., Emsley, R., Bates, R., Comiskey, J., Pistorius, E., & McEvoy, P. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12070 · Cited by 14
Mediating Role of Psychological Inflexibility as Transdiagnostic Factor in the Relationship Between Emotional Dysregulation and Sleep Problems With Symptoms of Emotional Disorders
Orouji, F., Abdi, R., & Chalabianloo, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800041 · Cited by 13
Changing problematic parent–child interaction in child anxiety disorders: The promise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Raftery-Helmer, J. N., Moore, P. S., Coyne, L., & Reed, K. P. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.08.002 · Cited by 10
Relations of Anxiety Sensitivity, Control Beliefs, and Maternal Over-Control to Fears in Clinic-Referred Children with Specific Phobia
Kane, E. J., Braunstein, K., Ollendick, T. H., & Muris, P. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0014-5 · Cited by 10
“…VA 24061, USA e-mail: tho@vt.edu P. Muris Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands age differences are the developing cognitive capacities discussed above and the inability of young children to fully understand and exert control over these fearful situations (Chorpita and Barlow 1998).”
Influential
Defining and Measuring Tolerance of Uncontrollability
Hay, A., Barthel, A. L., Moskow, D. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10259-9 · Cited by 8
Parental beliefs about anxiety as a mediator of parental Overcontrol and adolescent anxiety
Francis, S. E., & Manley, S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02378-y · Cited by 7
La terapia cognitivo-comportamentale contemporanea: teoria, storia ed evidenze empiriche
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Authors: Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H.
Affiliations: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
ORCID: Chorpita, Bruce F.
Barlow, David H.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-07
Volume: 124
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-21
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3
OpenAlex: W1971570247
Cited by: 1,382
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 78
FWCI: 27.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: anxiety development, locus of control, early life environment, helplessness, attributional style, attachment theory, parenting, childhood stress, resilience, depression, psychological vulnerability, animal learning, cognitive style
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Social Environment

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The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.

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