Cited by 1,382Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.

Chorpita, Bruce F., Barlow, David H.·1998·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3

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Abstract

Current developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central role in negative emotions. This article reviews findings in the area of anxiety and depression, helplessness, locus of control, explanatory style, animal learning, biology, parenting, attachment theory, and childhood stress and resilience to articulate a model of the environmental influences on the development of anxiety. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that early experience with diminished control may foster a cognitive style characterized by an increased probability of interpreting or processing subsequent events as out of one's control, which may represent a psychological vulnerability for anxiety. Implications for research are discussed.

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Authors: Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H.
Affiliations: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
ORCID: Chorpita, Bruce F.
Barlow, David H.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-07
Volume: 124
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-21
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3
OpenAlex: W1971570247
Cited by: 1,382
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 78
FWCI: 27.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: anxiety development, locus of control, early life environment, helplessness, attributional style, attachment theory, parenting, childhood stress, resilience, depression, psychological vulnerability, animal learning, cognitive style
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Social Environment

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The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.

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