Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety

McLean, Carmen P.; Anderson, Emily R.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003

Cited by 1,149Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentGender Roles and Identity Studies

Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety

McLean, Carmen P., Anderson, Emily R.·2009·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003

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Abstract

Substantial evidence indicates that women report greater fear and are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than men. Women's greater vulnerability for anxiety disorders can be partly understood by examining gender differences in the etiological factors known to contribute to anxiety. This review examines evidence for gender differences across a broad range of relevant factors, including biological influences, temperamental factors, stress and trauma, cognitive factors, and environmental factors. Gender differences are observed with increasing consistency as the scope of analysis broadens to molar levels of functioning. Socialization processes cultivate and promote processes related to anxiety, and moderate gender differences across levels of analysis.

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Girls are often socialized in ways that perpetuate anxiety.
“Therefore, girls are often socialized in ways that perpetuate anxiety [35].”
From Co-Development of Anxious Solitude and Social Anxiety Symptoms from Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence: Increased Transactions After the Middle School Transition (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
Fear and anxiety emerge early in development, and as children mature, parents and peers view these emotions as more acceptable for girls than for boys.
“Fear and anxiety emerge early in development (e.g., separation anxiety, stranger anxiety around 8 monthsof-age) and, as children mature, parents and peers view these emotions as more acceptable for girls than boys [35, 39].”
From Co-Development of Anxious Solitude and Social Anxiety Symptoms from Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence: Increased Transactions After the Middle School Transition (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
Evidence on the relationship between femininity and anxiety is contradictory.
“With respect to femininity, the results showed contradictory information. While there are studies that have not found a relationship between femininity and anxiety, 64 other studies revealed that femininity accompanied by low self-esteem favored the development of anxiety.49,70”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Femininity accompanied by low self-esteem favored the development of anxiety.
“other studies revealed that femininity accompanied by low self-esteem favored the development of anxiety.49,70”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Gender socialization is, at least in part, responsible for the development of psychosocial characteristics that act as risk factors for women and protective factors for men in the onset and course of anxiety.
“The results seem to indicate that gender socialization is, at least in part, responsible for the development of the psychosocial characteristics that act as risk factors for women and protective factors for men in the onset and course of anxiety.44,54,56,59,64,70”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [70]

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“Psychosocial factors The results seem to indicate that gender socialization is, at least in part, responsible for the development of the psychosocial characteristics that act as risk factors for women and protective factors for men in the onset and course of anxiety.(44,54,56,59,64,70) The psychosocial factors highlig…”
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Authors: McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R.
Affiliations: VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: McLean, Carmen P.
ORCID: McLean, Carmen P.
Anderson, Emily R.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-08
Volume: 29
Issue: 6
Pages: 496-505
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003
OpenAlex: W2084658093
Cited by: 1,149
References: 185
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 4.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: gender differences, fear, anxiety disorders, women, biological influences, temperament, stress and trauma, cognitive factors, environmental factors, socialization, causes of anxiety
MeSH terms: Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Temperament, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety

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