The DOI matches its Crossref record; 316 of the 316 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Abstract
Risky families are characterized by conflict and aggression and by relationships that are cold, unsupportive, and neglectful. These family characteristics create vulnerabilities and/or interact with genetically based vulnerabilities in offspring that produce disruptions in psychosocial functioning (specifically emotion processing and social competence), disruptions in stress-responsive biological regulatory systems, including sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical functioning, and poor health behaviors, especially substance abuse. This integrated biobehavioral profile leads to consequent accumulating risk for mental health disorders, major chronic diseases, and early mortality. We conclude that childhood family environments represent vital links for understanding mental and physical health across the life span.
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In the citing paper
“For illustration, early childhood adversity is associated with alterations in social, cognitive and behavioral processes in daily life including greater threat appraisal, difficulty regulating emotions, and ineffective social behaviors (Repetti et al., 2002) all of which are associated with alterations in stress physiology (Woody and Szechtman, 2011).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Repetti et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Developmental studies link optimal parenting with less frequent problems in children in a range of domains, including mental and physical health, substance use, and academic achievement (1–3).”
From Long-term effects of parenting-focused preventive interventions to promote resilience of children and adolescents (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Likewise, variations in parental care associate with individual differences in neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress in humans as well as emotional reactivity.18,33-36”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Thus, warm, nurturing families tend to promote resistance to stress and to diminish vulnerability to stress-induced illness.18,25”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Broader forms of familial dysfunction including persistent emotional and physical neglect, family conflict, cold, distant parent-child relationships, and conditions of harsh, inconsistent discipline compromise cognitive and emotional development and increase the risk for depression and anxiety disorders to a level comparable to that for abuse.16-23”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Although early rearing environments for children differ in many ways from those of rats, the caregiving environment for children facing low SES is more likely than typical home environments to be disorganized and lacking in appropriate stimulation and support, thereby creating conditions that are stressful for children (Evans, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002).”
From Stress and the development of self-regulation in context (2010) · cites this paper as Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002
In the citing paper
“Cold and uncaring families produce long-lasting emotional problems in children (Repetti et al., 2002).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Repetti et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Cold and uncaring families produce long-lasting emotional problems in children.43”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [43]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Stigelman, W. H., & Pharm, D. (1986) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/151.1.386 · Cited by 6,796
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 2×
“…of the HPA axis (such as flat or prolonged cortisol response to stress), dysregulation of the PNS, and dysregulation of serotonergic functioning, among other deleterious biological changes (see McEwen, 1998; Seeman & Robbins, 1994; Seeman, Singer, Horwitz, & McEwen, 1997; for reviews).”
BackgroundPsychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.
Rutter, M. (1987) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x · Cited by 5,831
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
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Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998
The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use
Baumrind, D. (1991) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431691111004 · Cited by 3,985
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) · European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 · Cited by 4,292
Stress and disorders of the stress system
Chrousos, G. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.106 · Cited by 3,215
Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301069 · Cited by 2,674
Metadata
- Authors
- Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 330-366
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2138630136
- Cited by
- 2,884
- References
- 314
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 188 · 2016: 191 · 2015: 211 · 2014: 173 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 52.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG017265)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056880, T32MH015750)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- family social environment, family conflict, parental aggression, parental neglect, emotional processing, social competence, stress response, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathoadrenal system, substance abuse, health behavior, mental illness, chronic disease, early mortality, genetic susceptibility, childhood family environment, lifespan development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Family, Health Status, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Mental Health, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
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