The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use

Baumrind, Diana

doi:10.1177/0272431691111004

Cited by 3,985Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPsychosocial Factors Impacting Youth

The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use

Baumrind, Diana·1991·The Journal of Early Adolescence

DOI 10.1177/0272431691111004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

An overview of the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research (FSP) is followed by a presentation of the hypotheses and findings pertaining to family patterns as determinants of adolescent competence, and of types of adolescent substance users. Data include clusters derived from comprehensive ratings of parents and their children completed independently within- and across-time periods at ages 4, 9, and 15 years. At Time 3 (T3), the sample included 139 adolescents and their parents from a predominantly affluent, well-educated, Caucasian population. Parenting types were identified that differ on the bases of commitment and balance of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritative parents who are highly demanding and highly responsive were remarkably successful in protecting their adolescents from problem drug use, and in generating competence. Authoritative upbringing, although sufficient, is not a necessary condition to produce competent children. Casual recreational drug use was not associated with pathological attributes, either precursive or concurrent, although nonusers showed an increment in competence from Time 2 (T2) to Time 3 (T3).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0272431691111004

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Research indicates that parents' acceptance and responsiveness are associated with child and adolescent adjustment across a variety of domains including school achievement, antisocial behavior, and substance use.
“Research indicates that parents’ acceptance and responsiveness are associated with child and adolescent adjustment across a variety of domains including school achievement, antisocial behavior, and substance use (see Baumrind, 1991; Steinberg, 2001).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Baumrind, 1991

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,819 · see citing works
In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development.
Johnson, M. M., & Gilligan, C. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067520 · Cited by 11,149 · see citing works
In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory And Women's Development
Gilligan, & Carol, C. (1982) · Cited by 10,877 · see citing works
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
Steidlmeier, P., Bellah, R. Ν., Madsen, R. P., Swindler, A., Sullivan, W. M., & Tipton, S. M. (1986) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.2307/3511439 · Cited by 5,061 · see citing works
Handbook of socialization theory and research
Grusec, J. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2007) · Cited by 5,003 · see citing works
Handbook of socialization: theory and research
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-0345 · Cited by 3,405 · see citing works
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality
Leary, T. (1957) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,761 · see citing works
Annals of Child Development
Ralston, C. W. (1992) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199204000-00011 · Cited by 2,247 · see citing works
Handbook of Adolescent Psychology
Plishka, P. C. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.11.1479 · Cited by 2,231 · see citing works
The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
Winnicott, D. W. (2019) · Cited by 1,612 · see citing works
A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130361 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence
Steinberg, L. D., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00250.x · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers.
Erikson, E. H. (1959) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
King, J. O., III, & Lasch, C. (1981) · Social Science History · doi:10.2307/1170906 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
The adolescent experience
Douvan, E. A. M., & Adelson, J. (1966) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., et al. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130618 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Authoritative Parenting, Psychosocial Maturity, and Academic Success among Adolescents
Steinberg, L. D., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04014.x · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
Ehrlich, R. (1979) · Telos · doi:10.3817/0679040187 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry.
Shedler, J., & Block, J. H. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.5.612 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Child development today and tomorrow
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2977 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Authoritative Parenting, Psychosocial Maturity, and Academic Success among Adolescents
Steinberg, L. D., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130932 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Emotional Autonomy versus Detachment: Revisiting the Vicissitudes of Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. H. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130981 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Sockloff, A. L. (1978) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(78)90080-0 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning.
Sampson, E. E. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.1.15 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
Hunter, J. D., Bellah, R. Ν., Madsen, R. P., Sullivan, W., Swindler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1986) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386303 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Emotional Autonomy versus Detachment: Revisiting the Vicissitudes of Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. H. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02720.x · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Family Life and School Achievement: Why Poor Black Children Succeed or Fail.
Ogbu, J. U., & Clark, R. M. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067948 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Socialization Practices Associated with Dimensions of Competence in Preschool Boys and Girls
Baumrind, D., & Black, A. E. (1967) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127295 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citation
Analysis of Variance in Complex Experimental Designs.
Kupper, L. L., & Lindman, H. R. (1976) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285792 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Cluster analysis
Tryon, R. C. (1939) · Cited by 531 · see citing works
On Adolescence, a Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Levenson, E. A. (1963) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1963.17.1.144 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality: A Functional Theory and Methodology for Personality Evaluation.
Yatsushiro, T., & Leary, T. (1958) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2390609 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
On adolescence, a psychoanalytic interpretation
Blos, P. (1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Longitudinal research on drug use: Empirical findings and methodological issues
Griffin, J. T. (1979) · Social Science & Medicine Part D Medical Geography · doi:10.1016/0160-8002(79)90012-1 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Adolescence
(2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Etiology of drug abuse. Implications for prevention.
Jones, C. L., & Battjes, R. J. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Longitudinal Research on Drug Use: Empirical Findings and Methodological Issues.
McAuliffe, W. E., & Kandel, D. B. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065273 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The Development of Instrumental Competence through Socialization
Baumrind, D. (2018) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/j.ctttsmk0.4 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role-taking skill
Cooper, C. R., Grotevant, H. D., & Condon, S. M. (1983) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219832205 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Familial Contexts of Adolescent Ego Development
Hauser, S. T., Powers, S. I., Noam, G. G., Jacobson, A. M., Weiss, B., & Follansbee, D. J. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129845 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Directional statistical decisions.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0047595 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The social worlds of childhood.
Hartup, W. W. (1979) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.10.944 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Analysis of Variance in Complex Experimental Designs
Snee, R. D. (1976) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1976.10489458 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Family Life and School Achievement: Why Poor Black Children Succeed or Fail
Smith, E. L., III, & Clark, R. M. (1984) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352623 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Adolescent behavior disorders : foundations and contemporary concerns
Karoly, P., & Steffen, J. J. (1984) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Adolescent development reconsidered
Gilligan, C. (1987) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219873705 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Advances in family research
Hox, J. J., van der Meulen, B. F., Janssens, J., et al. (1995) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Research on adolescents and their families: Past and prospect
Hill, J. P. (1987) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219873703 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Adolescence
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2021-1-01948-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Critical Issues in Research on Adolescent Health Promotion
Jessor, R. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-177380-9.50036-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Selected Writings of A. R. Luria
D., C. P., & Cole, M. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421581 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Categorizing Individuals: An Alternative to Linear Analysis
Hinde, R. A., & Dennis, A. (1986) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502548600900107 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Methodological Challenges of Selectivity in Family Interaction: Assessing Temporal Patterns of Individuation
Cooper, C. R., Grotevant, H. D., & Condon, S. M. (1982) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351596 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Family paradigm and adolescent social behavior
Reiss, D., Oliveri, M. E., & Curd, K. (1983) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219832207 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884 · see citing works
Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis.
Pinquart, M. (2017) · Developmental psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000295 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38006-9 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims: Distinct Groups of At-Risk Youth
Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431601021001002 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors
Barnes, G. M., & Farrell, M. P. (1992) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353159 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: a research synthesis
Miller, B. C., Benson, B., & Galbraith, K. A. (2001) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0513 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents
Okonofua, J. A., Paunesku, D., & Walton, G. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523698113 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2011.574038 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Early Environment, Emotions, Responses to Stress, and Health
Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sage, R. M., Lehman, B. J., & Seeman, T. E. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
A prospective study of the effects of age of initiation of alcohol and drug use on young adult substance dependence
King, K. M., & Chassin, L. (2007) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.256 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings.
Biringen, Z. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087711 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Dispositional Mindfulness Are Associated with Parenting Styles and Parenting Stress: the Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting
Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0507-y · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying
Elsaesser, C., Russell, B., Ohannessian, C. M., & Patton, D. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Cultural differences in social networking site use: a comparative study of China and the United States
Jackson, L. A., & Wang, J.-L. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.024 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data
Zucker, R. A., Gonzalez, R., Feldstein Ewing, S. W., Paulus, M. P., Arroyo, J., Fuligni, A., Morris, A. S., Sanchez, M., & Wills, T. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.004 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Research indicates that parents’ acceptance and responsiveness are associated with child and adolescent adjustment across a variety of domains including school achievement, antisocial behavior, and substance use (see Baumrind, 1991; Steinberg, 2001).”
Background
Investigating Helicopter Parenting, Family Environments, and Relational Outcomes for Millennials
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Gambling, delinquency, and drug use during adolescence: Mutual influences and common risk factors
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Ladouceur, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1012201221601 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Risky business: executive function, personality, and reckless behavior during adolescence and emerging adulthood
Pharo, H., Sim, C., Graham, M., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0025768 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Children in low-income, urban settings: Interventions to promote mental health and well-being.
Black, M. M., & Krishnakumar, A. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.635 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Parenting Styles and Parent–Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Early puberty and adolescent pregnancy: The influence of alcohol use
Deardorff, J., Gonzales, N. A., Christopher, F. S., Roosa, M. W., & Millsap, R. E. (2005) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0542 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: a 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents
Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Role of Media in Children's Development: An Ecological Perspective
JORDAN, A. (2004) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200406000-00009 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Developing Resilience in Children Who are in Public Care: The educational psychology perspective
Dent, R. J., & Cameron, R. J. S. (2003) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/0266736032000061170 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle of Disadvantage: The Three Generation Approach
Cheng, T. L., Johnson, S. B., & Goodman, E. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2467 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Friendship in Childhood and Adulthood: Lessons across the Life Span
Sherman, A. M., de Vries, B., & Lansford, J. E. (2000) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/4qfv-d52d-tpyp-rlm6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
<i>A Review of Family Meal Influence</i>On Adolescents’ Dietary Intake
Woodruff, S. J., & Hanning, R. M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research · doi:10.3148/69.1.2008.14 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cross-lagged links among gambling, substance use, and delinquency from midadolescence to young adulthood: Additive and moderating effects of common risk factors
Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0013182 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Explicating problematic social network sites use: A review of concepts, theoretical frameworks, and future directions for communication theorizing
Lee, E. W. J., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816671891 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support.
Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.225 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Young adult narcissism: A 20 year longitudinal study of the contribution of parenting styles, preschool precursors of narcissism, and denial
Cramer, P. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of rejecting and autonomy-restrictive parenting, rejection sensitivity, and socioemotional symptoms in early adolescents
Rowe, S. L., Gembeck, M. J. Z., Rudolph, J., & Nesdale, D. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9966-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The associations of adolescent problematic internet use with parenting: A meta-analysis
Lukavská, K., Hrabec, O., Lukavský, J., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107423 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children and Adolescents: Can Attachment Theory Contribute to Its Efficacy?
Bosmans, G. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0212-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Patterns of substance use across the first year of college and associated risk factors
Cho, S. B., Llaneza, D. C., Adkins, A. E., Cooke, M., Kendler, K. S., Clark, S. L., & Dick, D. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00152 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Temperament and parenting styles in early childhood differentially influence neural response to peer evaluation in adolescence
Guyer, A. E., Jarcho, J. M., Pérez-Edgar, K., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, E. E. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9973-2 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Analysis of Parent–Child Interactions During Academic Tasks and Their Relationships With Children's Self-Regulated Learning
Pino-Pasternak, D., Whitebread, D., & Tolmie, A. (2010) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2010.490494 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Seeking balance between the past and the present: Vietnamese refugee parenting practices and adolescent well-being
Tingvold, L., Hauff, E., Allen, J., & Middelthon, A.-L. (2012) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Parental emotional warmth and psychological Suzhi as mediators between socioeconomic status and problem behaviours in Chinese children
Wu, L., Zhang, D., Cheng, G., Hu, T., & Rost, D. H. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.09.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The relationship between child sexual abuse, self-concept and psychopathology: The moderating role of social support and perceived parental quality
Gewirtz-Meydan, A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104938 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Extending the social cognitive model—Examining the external and personal antecedents of social network sites use among Singaporean adolescents
Lee, E. W. J., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.030 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Evaluation of a German version of the Strengthening Families Programme 10-14: a randomised controlled trial
Baldus, C., Thomsen, M., Sack, P.-M., Bröning, S., Arnaud, N., Daubmann, A., & Thomasius, R. (2016) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckw082 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation
Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12865 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Children affected by war and armed conflict: Parental protective factors and resistance to mental health symptoms
Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01397 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Availability of Substances in Adolescence: Influences in Emerging Adulthood
Broman, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2015.1103346 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Parental Influence on Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Its Assessment and Management Using Psychodrama
Akinsola, E. F., & Udoka, P. A. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.43a037 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Authoritarian parenting is presumed to be associated with social incompetence and poor communication skills (Baumrind, 1991).”
Background
Parental autonomy support in relation to preschool aged children’s behavior: Examining positive guidance, negative control, and responsiveness
Linkiewich, D., Martinovich, V. V., Rinaldi, C. M., Howe, N., & Gokiert, R. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104521999762 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adolescent Participation in HIV Vaccine Trials: Cognitive Developmental Considerations
Kafaar, Z., Swartz, L., Kagee, A., Lesch, A., & Jaspan, H. (2007) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630703700312 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Predicting Prosocial Behavior Based on Parenting Style and Attachment Style with the Mediation of Social Intelligence in Students
Jafari, S., & Saffarinia, M. (2025) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.61186/jsp.1201213

Authors: Baumrind, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Baumrind, Diana
Venue: The Journal of Early Adolescence
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1991-02
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 56-95
ISSN: 0272-4316 (ISSN-L)
1552-5449
DOI: 10.1177/0272431691111004
OpenAlex: W2021041824
Cited by: 3,985
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 157 · 2025: 223 · 2024: 204 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 201 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 179 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 167 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 209 · 2013: 192 · 2012: 158
FWCI: 15.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Journal of Early Adolescence (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
Keywords: parenting styles, adolescent competence, adolescent substance use, authoritative parenting, family socialization, developmental competence, recreational drug use, adolescent drug use prevention, longitudinal family study

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks