Cited by 601Psychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research Topics

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Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Dohrenwend, Bruce P.·2006·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.477

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Abstract

An explosion of research on life events has occurred since the publication of the Holmes and Rahe checklist in 1967. Despite criticism, especially of their use in research on psychopathology, such economical inventories have remained dominant. Most of the problems of reliability and validity with traditional inventories can be traced to the intracategory variability of actual events reported in their broad checklist categories. The purposes of this review are, first, to examine how this problem has been addressed within the tradition of economical checklist approaches; second, to determine how it has been dealt with by far less widely used and far less economical labor-intensive interview and narrative-rating approaches; and, third, to assess the prospects for relatively economical, as well as reliable and valid, solutions.

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O'Brien, S. F., Baptista, I., & Szeszko, P. R. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000540030 · Cited by 8
“Lessons learned from the PTSD ﬁ eld on controversies in the de ﬁ nition of a potentially traumatic event [95] and proposals to de ﬁ ne potentially traumatic events along multiple dimensions [96] may be instructive for the “ moral injury ” ﬁ eld.”
Life events and difficulties and their association with antenatal distress in White and South Asian women in the UK
Traviss‐Turner, G., Meer, S., West, R. M., & House, A. O. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0584-8 · Cited by 8
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Conde, E., & Gorman, D. M. (2009) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9262-0 · Cited by 7
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Fernández-Fernández, V., Márquez‐González, M., Losada‐Baltar, A., García, P. E., & Romero‐Moreno, R. (2013) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2013.03.006 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Appraisal vs. Exposure-Based Stress Measures
Hayman, L. W., Lucas, T., & Porcerelli, J. H. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000198 · Cited by 8
“…to a number of stressful events (i.e., being fired, divorce, death of a loved one) during a period of time (i.e., past month, past year, ever), has been used as the primary method for researching the role of stressful life events in psychopathology and other health outcomes (cf. Dohrenwend, 2006).”
Method
When life gets in the way: Systematic review of life events, socioeconomic deprivation, and their impact on counselling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents
Blackshaw, E., Evans, C., & Cooper, M. (2018) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12156 · Cited by 8
“Whilst reviews of measures for adult life events exist (Dohrenwend, 2006), to our knowledge, no such reviews exist for children and adolescents.”
Background
Can Experiencing Stressful Life Events Be a Risk Factor of Stroke?
Savadi-Oskouei, D., Sadeghi-ba, H., & Mohammadza, L. (2009) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2009.280.283 · Cited by 8
Identity, Stress, and Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Undergraduates: Evidence for Interaction Effects
Burt, K. B., & Paysnick, A. A. (2014) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0036 · Cited by 10
“” Although this procedure exacerbates the potential problem of intracategory variability noted with (nearly) all life stress inventories (Dohrenwend, 2006), it also allows for capturing the broadest array of life stress, which was deemed important for the present study, rather than a more detailed focus on a particula…”
Background
Influence of serotonin transporter promoter variation on the effects of separation from parent/partner on depression.
Losada, A. F., Wei, Y. B., Åberg, E., Sjöholm, L. K., Lavebratt, C., & Forsell, Y. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.034 · Cited by 9
“Since separation can be experienced as negative or not (separation can be devastating to one member of a couple and a relief to the other) (Dohrenwend, 2006), there was a question on if the person experienced the event as negative or not.”
Electrophysiological evidence of personal experiences in the great Sichuan earthquake impacting on selective attention
Qiu, J., Li, H., Zhang, Q., Huang, L., Guo, Y., Tu, S., Wang, T., & Wei, D. (2009) · Science in China Series C Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-009-0076-6 · Cited by 8
MEDIDAS DO ESTRESSE: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA
Faro, A., & Pereira, M. E. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 8
Background Stress Inventory: Developing a Measure of Understudied Stress
Terrill, A. L., Gjerde, J. M., & Garofalo, J. P. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2554 · Cited by 8
Stressful Life Events and Their Unique Associations with Psychosocial Outcomes: a Gendered Analysis Among High School Adolescents
Stark, L., Seff, I., Cohen, F., Aldrich, J., & Allaf, C. (2020) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-020-00179-z · Cited by 8
“…peer networks, and relationships with teachers can also mitigate the effects of SLEs on poor mental health and well-being (Bennouna et al. 2019; Dohrenwend 2006), these non-specialists can also serve to support students who have experienced adverse events and should receive training on how to…”
Background
Computationally-defined markers of uncertainty aversion predict emotional responses during a global pandemic
Wise, T., Zbozinek, T., Charpentier, C., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001088 · Cited by 5
“First, these studies typically rely on measures of participant-reported naturally occurring stress, which is vulnerable to biases in subjects’ perception of stressful events(Dohrenwend, 2006).”
Racial socialization and discrimination-related psychological distress in middle-aged Black men and women.
Anderson, A. T., Doyle, D. M., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Cohn, B. A., & Link, B. G. (2023) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000687 · Cited by 11
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“The experience of past failures can affect QoL [47,48], leading to negative psychological outcomes [49,50].”
Background
How much stressful life events really matter? Conceptual and methodological difficulties in assessing the impact of self‐reported events on adolescents' subjective stress
Milas, G., Ćavar, F., & Ribar, M. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3335 · Cited by 8
The Impact of Stressful Life Events in Alzheimer’s Disease
Giannouli, V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32046-0_55-1 · Cited by 7
Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Stress Reactivity in Daily Life in Nonclinical Young Adults
Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Sheinbaum, T., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Myin‐Germeys, I., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.140301 · Cited by 7
Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to (Re)conceptualize Stress Appraisal
Butts, C. M., & Gutiérrez, D. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.40.2.01 · Cited by 7
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in anxiety and depressive disorders: Influence of recent and/or traumatic life events
Orozco, A., Cardoner, N., Aragón, C. F., Ruiz-Murugarren, S., Vicens, M., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., & Lahera, G. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.12.002 · Cited by 7
Romantic relationship status, stress, and maturing out of problematic drinking.
Armeli, S., Hamilton, H. R., Hammen, C. L., & Tennen, H. A. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000698 · Cited by 7
Psychologisch-diagnostische Verfahren zur Erfassung von Stress und Krankheitsbewältigung im deutschsprachigen Raum
Franke, G. H., Jagla-Franke, M., Salewski, C., & Jäger, S. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.3233/zmp-2007-16_1-2_04 · Cited by 7
Psychosocial stress and associations with inflammation in mid-gestation maternal, fetal, and placental tissue
Sehgal, N., Lin, L., Goin, D. E., Chen, J., Jigmeddagva, U., Morello-Frosch, R. A., Woodruff, T. J., Gaw, S. L., Robinson, J. F., & Eick, S. M. (2025) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108922 · Cited by 6
Towards the correlates of stressful life events as precipitants of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and metanalysis
Hühne, V., dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Moreira‐de‐Oliveira, M. E., de Menezes, G. B., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852924000269 · Cited by 7
“” 12-14 The variability in SLEs ’ definitions under-scores the challenge of systematically categorizing and assessing SLEs and complicates research in this area.”
A network comparison analysis of socio-ecological protective and risk factors of depression between Chinese urban and rural adolescents
Zhuang, X., Chan, J. C. P., & Yang, X. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117628 · Cited by 7
Politics negatively impacts women's mental health in Georgia: Depression, anxiety, and perceived stress from 2023 to 2024
Ortlund, K., Chandler, M., Lin, B., Anastario, M. P., & Eick, S. M. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117800 · Cited by 7
Assessing the disproportionality of depressive reactions to life stress
Pfeifer, B. J., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2675 · Cited by 6
Positive and Negative Life Events in Association with Psychopathology: An Examination of Sex Differences in Early Adolescence
Madhavan, S., Stewart, L. C., Birk, S. L., Nielsen, J. D., & Olino, T. M. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01509-w · Cited by 7
“These interview-based methods seek to ensure that participants interpret items correctly by allowing the interviewer to probe for further detail and code events against a priori criteria [ 36 , 38 ].”
Eventos de vida constituem um construto? Evidências da impossibilidade de considerar eventos de vida um construto
Woyciekoski, C., Natividade, J. C., & Hutz, C. S. (2014) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2014.1-02 · Cited by 6
“Segundo Dohrenwend (2006) ela foi e ainda consiste na entrevista mais utilizada dentro dessa abordagem.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of Life Events on Survival of Patients with Localized Melanoma
Lehto, U.-S., Ojanen, M. T., Dyba, T. A., Aromaa, A. J., & Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen, P. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000334486 · Cited by 6
Caregiver self-reports and reporting of their preschoolers’ trauma exposure: Discordance across assessment methods.
Glackin, E. B., Forbes, D., Heberle, A. E., Carter, A. S., & Gray, S. A. O. (2018) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000179 · Cited by 6
How Early Life Adversities Influence Later Life Family Interactions for Individuals with Schizophrenia in Outpatient Treatment: A Qualitative Analysis
Misra, S., Johnson, K. A., Parnarouskis, L., Koenen, K. C., Williams, D. R., Gelaye, B., & Borba, C. P. C. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00627-2 · Cited by 6
“Further, current symptoms and mood can also influence retrospective recall of earlier life experiences (Dohrenwend 2006).”
Background
The stressor criterion A in posttraumatic stress disorder: issues, evidence, and implications
Dohrenwend, B. P. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511777578.021 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Criminal victimization and psychotic experiences: cross‐sectional associations in 35 low‐ and middle‐income countries
DeVylder, J., Kelleher, I., Oh, H. Y., Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., & Koyanagi, A. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12889 · Cited by 6
Estresse: revisão narrativa da evolução conceitual, perspetivas teóricas e metodológicas
Faro, A., & Pereira, M. E. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 6
Personality and intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning of women starting their first IVF treatment
Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., Corveleyn, J. M. T., D’Hooghe, T. M., & Demyttenaere, K. (2008) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/den438 · Cited by 6
Employment wages and diseases of despair in early adulthood: Links through subjective socioeconomic status and cumulative stressor exposure
Dupéré, V., Beauregard, N., Pelletier‐Dumas, M., Racine, É., & Tardif‐Grenier, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100324 · Cited by 6

Authors: Dohrenwend, B. P.
Affiliations: Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Dohrenwend, Bruce P.
ORCID: Dohrenwend, Bruce P.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 132
Issue: 3
Pages: 477-495
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.477
OpenAlex: W2043830713
Cited by: 601
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 3.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K05MH14663; MH26208; MH59627)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: life events, psychopathology, reliability and validity, risk factors
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Conflict, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Risk Factors, Narration

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Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

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