Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder.

In the paper

“Dalgleish, Spinks, Yiend, and Kuyken (2001) compared participants with SAD (in the depression phase) with control participants and did not find a difference in memory specificity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dalgleish, Spinks, Yiend, and Kuyken (2001)

In the paper

“and in samples with subclinical levels of depression (often referred to as dysphoria to distinguish it from more severe major depression described earlier; Goddard, Dritschel, & Burton, 1997; Moffitt, Singer, Nelligan, Carlson, & Vyse, 1994; Ramponi, Barnard, & Nimmo-Smith, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goddard, Dritschel, & Burton, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Moffitt, Singer, Nelligan, Carlson, & Vyse, 1994
• Not checked yetcites Ramponi, Barnard, & Nimmo-Smith, 2004

In the paper

“in currently euthymic patients with previous episodes of MDD or bipolar disorder”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Pachinger, Leibetseder, & Fartacek, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Scott, Stanton, Garland, & Ferrier, 2000

In the paper

“Comparing depressed women with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse, they found those who reported a history of abuse retrieved significantly more overgeneral memories than the depressed patients who did not report such a history.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kuyken & Brewin, 1995

In the paper

“Failures to replicate overgeneral memory in currently depressed patients are relatively rare.”

In the paper

“Table 1 also shows that overgeneral memory occurs in other types of affective disorder, such as postnatal depression (Croll & Bryant, 2000);”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Croll & Bryant, 2000

In the paper

“Table 1 shows, first, that overgeneral memory is a consistent characteristic of patients with a diagnosis of MDD.”

• Also stated in: § Overgeneral Memory in Affective Disorders · boosted

  “In summary, the overwhelming majority of studies have shown that overgeneral memory is closely associated with depression or depressive symptoms.”

In the paper

“The authors review research showing that when recalling autobiographical events, many emotionally disturbed patients summarize categories of events rather than retrieving a single episode.”

In the paper

“Kaney, Bowen-Jones, and Bentall (1999) found no evidence of overgeneral memory in a group of depressed patients with delusional disorders”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kaney, Bowen-Jones, and Bentall (1999)

In the paper

“This has been found for premenstrual dysphoria (Mackinger, Kunz-Dorfer, Schneider, & Leibetseder, 2001)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Kunz-Dorfer, Schneider, & Leibetseder, 2001

In the paper

“depressive symptoms following life events in students (Gibbs & Rude, 2004)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gibbs & Rude, 2004

In the paper

“The mean effect size for those studies showing a significant association between trauma and overgeneral memory is 1.13 (IQR = 0.72).”

In the paper

“and it was not found in a mixed group of anxiety disorder patients (Wessel et al., 2001), even when the cue words used reflected the current concerns of the participants (e.g., Wenzel et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wessel et al., 2001
• Not checked yetcites Wenzel et al., 2003

In the paper

“Willebrand et al. (2002) found that adult burn victims did not differ from controls in memory specificity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Willebrand et al. (2002)

In the paper

“Across the studies, however, there is no significant correlation between number of cues used and the effect size found, r(28) = .27.”

In the paper

“It is noteworthy that this effect is less pronounced in individuals with dysphoria than in healthy controls (e.g., Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003

In the paper

“It has been found to be associated with (a) impaired problem solving (Evans et al., 1992; Goddard et al., 1996; Goddard, Dritschel, & Burton, 1997; Raes, Hermans, Williams, Demyttenaere, et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2000)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 1992
• Not checked yetcites Goddard et al., 1996
• Not checked yetcites Goddard, Dritschel, & Burton, 1997

In the paper

“However, if burns are sustained in childhood, memory specificity is compromised (Stokes, Dritschel, & Bekerian, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stokes, Dritschel, & Bekerian, 2004

In the paper

“postpartum depressed mood (Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000

In the paper

“It does not occur in general anxiety disorder (Burke & Mathews, 1992)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Burke & Mathews, 1992

In the paper

“However, as studies of war veterans (McNally et al., 1994, 1995), traffic accident victims (Harvey et al., 1998), and cancer patients (Kangas et al., 2005) show, the mere presence of a history of trauma is not sufficient.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McNally et al., 1994, 1995
• Not checked yetcites Harvey et al., 1998
• Not checked yetcites Kangas et al., 2005

In the paper

“or blood and spider fearful individuals (Wenzel, Jackson, Brendle, & Pinna, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wenzel, Jackson, Brendle, & Pinna, 2003

In the paper

“and emotional reactivity following a failed in vitro fertilization treatment (van Minnen, Wessel, Verhaak, & Smeenk, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites van Minnen, Wessel, Verhaak, & Smeenk, 2005

In the paper

“social phobia (Wenzel, Jackson, & Holt, 2002)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wenzel, Jackson, & Holt, 2002

In the paper

“The phenomenon has also been seen as important because memory remains overgeneral in those with a history of emotional disorder, even if not currently in an episode (Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000; Mackinger, Pachinger, et al., 2000; Williams & Dritschel, 1988).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Pachinger, et al., 2000
• Not checked yetcites Williams & Dritschel, 1988

In the paper

“with specificity of memory moderating the effect of negative mood disturbance on problem-solving performance in previously suicidal patients (Williams, Barnhofer, Crane, & Beck, 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Williams, Barnhofer, Crane, & Beck, 2005

In the paper

“More recent studies are consistent with this notion: Overgeneral memory assessed when one is not depressed predicts later mood disturbance.”

In the paper

“(c) delayed recovery from episodes of affective disorders (Brittlebank, Scott, Williams, & Ferrier, 1993; Dalgleish et al., 2001; Harvey et al., 1998; Peeters et al., 2002; though see Brewin, Reynolds, & Tata, 1999, for a failure to replicate).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brittlebank, Scott, Williams, & Ferrier, 1993
• Not checked yetcites Dalgleish et al., 2001
• Not checked yetcites Harvey et al., 1998

In the paper

“In particular, no study has used a 2 × 2 design to examine people who either have or do not have depression, with or without a history of trauma.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, they found that depressive rumination, the tendency to ponder repeatedly on the reasons and implications of one's (depressed) feelings (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991), was related to poor performance on both the autobiographical and the episodic memory task.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ramponi et al. (2004)
• Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991

In the paper

“For example, studies that examine patients with PTSD do not report whether these patients have a history of major depression, although such information is necessary in order for us to be confident that variance in overgenerality is attributable to a history of trauma, rather than to major depression.”

In the paper

“Another, more general limitation is that in most studies, because trauma and memory are examined cross-sectionally (instead of longitudinally), it is not possible to determine the causal relationship between overgeneral memory deficits and the experience of trauma.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, those studies that have controlled for number of years in education, IQ, semantic processing speed, or semantic fluency (e.g., Park, Goodyer, & Teasdale, 2002; Williams & Broadbent, 1986; Williams & Scott, 1988) have found that group differences remain even after matching for such variables.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Park, Goodyer, & Teasdale, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Williams & Broadbent, 1986
• Not checked yetcites Williams & Scott, 1988

In the paper

“Raes, Hermans, Williams, Demyttenaere, et al. (2006) found that autobiographical memory specificity was not related to performance on a range of memory tasks, including semantic memory (fluency tasks) and episodic memory (verbal learning, delayed free-recall), suggesting that overgeneral autobiographical memory was not merely a reflection of a general memory deficit linked to depression.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, Williams, Demyttenaere, et al. (2006)

In the paper

“Evidence in favor of the vulnerability hypothesis comes from the few longitudinal studies that have assessed specificity of memory before participants become depressed (Gibbs & Rude, 2004; Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000; Mackinger, Pachinger, et al., 2000; van Minnen et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gibbs & Rude, 2004
• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Pachinger, et al., 2000

In the paper

“Evidence in favor of the scarring hypothesis comes from Stokes et al. (2004), who found greater nonspecific memory in adolescent burn victims compared with controls.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stokes et al. (2004)

In the paper

“Out of the 30 studies reported, the majority (18) reported a main effect for the difference between depressed and control participants.”

In the paper

“This does not occur.”

In the paper

“A recently completed study on previously depressed people in our lab confirms this prediction (Crane, Barnhofer, & Williams, in press). We assessed self-guides (characteristics that the person sees as an “ideal” or “ought” or “feared” aspect of themselves; Carver, Lawrence, & Scheier, 1999) 1 week before autobiographical memory was measured and found that the greater the overlap between memory c”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Crane, Barnhofer, & Williams, in press

In the paper

“First, Spinhoven, Bockting, Kremers, Schene, and Williams (in press) showed that the more that patients with a history of depression (Study 1) and personality disorder (Study 2) endorsed constructs assessed by questionnaire measures of dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs, the greater was the overgenerality of responses to cues in the AMT that matched those constructs.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spinhoven, Bockting, Kremers, Schene, and Williams (in press)

In the paper

“data from studies by Roberts and colleagues showed that in dysphoric participants, overgeneral memories were produced more often during the latter half of the test administration”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roberts & Carlos, 2006

In the paper

“In their prototypical study of trauma and overgeneral memory, Kuyken and Brewin (1995) showed that self-reported frequency of intrusions of abuse correlated with overgenerality of recall on the AMT.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kuyken and Brewin (1995)

In the paper

“Two early studies that used tasks to control for executive capacity differences did not find significant effects on overgenerality.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Williams and Broadbent (1986)
• Not checked yetcites Williams and Scott (1988)

In the paper

“However, there are also data indicating impaired cognitive processing across a number of generic tasks in traumatized populations (e.g., Moradi, Taghavi, Neshat-Doost, Yule, & Dalgleish, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moradi, Taghavi, Neshat-Doost, Yule, & Dalgleish, 2000

In the paper

“overgeneral memory is associated with, and has been found in some cases to have a direct causal relation to, important “downstream” consequences.”

In the paper

“it affects not only how effectively people cope with serious emotional disturbance”

In the paper

“Consistent with this, our review has shown that overgeneral memory is not found in anxiety disorders (apart from PTSD).”

In the paper

“Results showed that induction of overgeneral memory in the first phase of the experiment significantly reduced the level of problem-solving performance in the test phase.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Williams et al. (2006, Studies 4 and 5)

In the paper

“Brief self-report measures of rumination about an identified traumatic event (e.g., “Do you go over and over what happened again and again?”) are elevated in patients with PTSD compared with nonclinical controls (e.g., Spasojevic & Alloy, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spasojevic & Alloy, 2002

In the paper

“Raes, Hermans, Williams, and Eelen (2005) used such methods in a sample of depressed patients, examining both memory and rumination, and found that overgeneral memory accounted for the relation between rumination and problem solving.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, Williams, and Eelen (2005)

In the paper

“It predicts the course of emotional disorders”

In the paper

“that it can be modified by treatment”

In the paper

“his or her ability to generate specific images of the future”

In the paper

“Furthermore, rumination several weeks after the trauma predicts the persistence of PTSD at 6 months (Murray, Ehlers, & Mayou, 2002), 1 year (Ehlers, Mayou, & Bryant, 1998), and 3-year follow-up (Mayou, Ehlers, & Bryant, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Murray, Ehlers, & Mayou, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Ehlers, Mayou, & Bryant, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Mayou, Ehlers, & Bryant, 2002

In the paper

“overgeneral memory is an important factor in affecting a person's problem-solving ability”

In the paper

“and that, when it is modified, it reduces depression and hopelessness.”

In the paper

“Comorbidity of depressive states along with diagnoses such as PTSD and acute stress disorder is very common (Brewin et al., 1996).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brewin et al., 1996

In the paper

“many studies have found that low specificity of memory is associated with impairment in social problem solving. This occurs in depressed (Goddard et al., 1996, 1997; Raes, Hermans, Williams, Demyttenaere, et al., 2005), suicidal (Evans et al., 1992; Pollock & Williams, 2001; Sidley, Whitaker, Calam, & Wells, 1997), and currently euthymic bipolar patients (Scott et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goddard et al., 1996, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, Williams, Demyttenaere, et al., 2005
• Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 1992

In the paper

“being associated with poorer outcome in depression, PTSD, and a number of other conditions.”

In the paper

“but also how they regulate their emotions in the face of more normal life events, such as the birth of a child (Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000

In the paper

“Further, even in the absence of a comorbid depressive disorder, significant symptoms of depression are also associated with the experience of trauma (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991

In the paper

“We have seen that these effects can be reversed given certain retrieval conditions”

In the paper

“In conclusion, overgenerality is relatively specific to those emotional disorders that involve depression, PTSD, or both.”

In the paper

“This suggests that the relation between trauma and specificity of memory is moderated by qualitative aspects of the trauma (e.g., how severe and prolonged the trauma was; Hermans et al., 2004) and the way in which people cope with it (e.g., by attempted avoidance; Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hermans et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Kuyken & Brewin, 1995

In the paper

“as time passes, negative events tend to lose their capacity to provoke negative affect, a phenomenon referred to as the fading affect bias.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003

In the paper

“People's reactions to trauma may also be a function of age.”

In the paper

“These data indicated that level of overgeneral memory might be related to experience of trauma in addition to a diagnosis of depression.”

In the paper

“and so in addition to being more likely to have experienced negative events, individuals with depression and PTSD are more likely to continue to experience high levels of negative affect in response to event recollection.”

In the paper

“Each of these studies suggests that it is a failure to retrieve ESK, rather than a failure of encoding, that is responsible for overgenerality in memory.”

In the paper

“Depressed and suicidal patients access an intermediate description but stop short of a specific example. Their memory aborts the search for a specific event prematurely, when only the general description stage has been reached.”

In the paper

“Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) suggested that overgeneral memory arises when individuals truncate their search during generative, top-down retrieval at too high a level, when only general descriptive information has been accessed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000)

In the paper

“The Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) model, as well as other accounts (e.g., Burgess & Shallice, 1996), suggests that these patterns of activation can be generated via two different processes: a generative retrieval process and a spontaneous form of retrieval following direct activation of autobiographical knowledge.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
• Not checked yetcites Burgess & Shallice, 1996

In the paper

“Watkins and colleagues have shown that laboratory manipulations that prevent rumination in depressed participants result in more specific memory (Watkins & Teasdale, 2001, 2004; Watkins, Teasdale, & Williams, 2000)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Watkins & Teasdale, 2001, 2004
• Not checked yetcites Watkins, Teasdale, & Williams, 2000

In the paper

“it gives relatively less weight to the fact that the phenomenon is observed in depressed patients even in the absence of trauma (Wessel et al., 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wessel et al., 2001

In the paper

“we describe a model, CaR-FA-X, that elaborates features of the Conway and Pleydell-Pearce model to suggest three mechanisms—capture and rumination (CaR), functional avoidance (FA), and impaired executive control (X)—that, alone or in combination, underlie overgeneral memory.”

In the paper

“Early accounts (Williams, 1996) explained overgeneral memory retrieval within the framework of descriptions theory (Burgess & Shallice, 1996; Norman & Bobrow, 1979).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Williams, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Burgess & Shallice, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Norman & Bobrow, 1979

In the paper

“Although the balance of findings suggest that trauma is likely to be important in understanding the development of overgeneral memory, further investigation of this issue is clearly required.”

In the paper

“although functional avoidance explains the association of overgeneral memory with trauma history”

In the paper

“Of course, even if overgeneral memory arises from the scarring effect of prior adversity, it may still play an important role in acting as a mediator between that adversity and future psychological functioning.”

In the paper

“a clinical procedure known to reduce risk of relapse and recurrence in patients that have experienced episodes of depression in the past (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002) reduces overgenerality in autobiographical memory (Williams, Teasdale, Segal, & Soulsby, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Williams, Teasdale, Segal, & Soulsby, 2000

In the paper

“Consistent with this, Singer and Moffitt (1992) found, in a study of autobiographical memory in students, that a request for personally significant memories relevant to one's self-understanding increased the number of summary (i.e., overgeneral) memory narratives retrieved, relative to standard instructions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Singer and Moffitt (1992)

In the paper

“However, the predominant finding for both domains (depression and trauma) is that overgenerality is found for both positive and negative cues.”

In the paper

“The result is cognitive avoidance: the dysfacilitation of a cognitive process that is expected to lead, if not truncated, to aversive consequences.”

In the paper

“A strategy of truncating the search before accessing such specific representations will, if it avoids such aversive consequences, be negatively reinforced.”

In the paper

“Together with the data from the IES, these results are consistent with the assumption that overgeneral autobiographical memory might be used as a way of regulating affect through passive avoidance (Hermans et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hermans et al., 2005

In the paper

“These results illustrate the possible payoff for people with a less specific retrieval style: They are less emotionally aroused by a negative personal experience.”

In the paper

“It is known that depressed mood reduces the availability of positive mnemonic material (Eich, 1995; Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1997)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Eich, 1995
• Not checked yetcites Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1997

In the paper

“Thus, it appears, at least for depressed patients, that more abstract–analytical thinking increases the likelihood of overgenerality of memory.”

In the paper

“Blagov and Singer (2004) found a correlation between repressive defensiveness (as measured by the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory—Short Form) and memory specificity, with higher defensiveness being associated with fewer specific memories recalled.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blagov and Singer (2004)

In the paper

“They found that degree of mood disturbance following experimental manipulation of frustration using a tangram puzzle task (in which the participants—student volunteers—thought they were doing badly) was greater in those participants with a more specific retrieval style.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, de Decker, Eelen, and Williams (2003)

In the paper

“They found that depressed patients show an increased transitional probability of retrieving a second intermediate description following retrieval of a first intermediate description, relative to matched nondepressed controls (Barnhofer, Jong-Meyer, Kleinpass, & Nikesch, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barnhofer, Jong-Meyer, Kleinpass, & Nikesch, 2002

In the paper

“Because there is a large amount of evidence that rumination is a core feature of depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991

In the paper

“Even when repression scores were covaried, however, specificity of memory still predicted the affective reaction to failure on a puzzle task.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, Williams, and Eelen (2006)

In the paper

“Thus, one aspect of rumination, perseveration on a theme, can induce overgeneral memory, but only when it is self-related.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barnard, Watkins, and Ramponi (2006)

In the paper

“We suggest that an effective avoidance strategy can never be selective.”

In the paper

“A number of studies have revealed a significant correlation between IES avoidance and autobiographical memory responses: The higher the score on the avoidance scale is, the more overgeneral is the participant (e.g., Kuyken & Brewin, 1995; Raes, Hermans, Williams, Brunfaut, et al., 2006; Stokes et al., 2004; Wessel et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kuyken & Brewin, 1995
• Not checked yetcites Raes, Hermans, Williams, Brunfaut, et al., 2006
• Not checked yetcites Stokes et al., 2004

In the paper

“This is because positive words might just as easily trigger negative memory fragments that then need to be inhibited.”

In the paper

“Williams and Broadbent (1986) found that suicidal depressed participants showed a latency bias (being slower to respond with a specific event to positive cues), even following a prompt.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Williams and Broadbent (1986)

In the paper

“Results in depressed patients showed that memory was significantly more specific following distraction than following rumination.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Watkins & Teasdale, 2001, 2004
• Not checked yetcites Watkins et al., 2000

In the paper

“We suggest that the association between negative affect and specific retrieval can develop into the passive avoidance of aversive ESK”

In the paper

“Brewin et al. (1999) failed to replicate this correlation with avoidance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brewin et al. (1999)

In the paper

“Dysphoric and depressed people are as likely to have their attention captured by positive as by negative stimuli so long as the cue maps onto a “self-guide” (Crane et al., in press; Spinhoven et al., in press).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Crane et al., in press
• Not checked yetcites Spinhoven et al., in press

In the paper

“thus suggesting that these errors may in part be related to difficulties in keeping in mind a retrieval model in the face of increasing fatigue with associated diminution of executive resources (Roberts & Carlos, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roberts & Carlos, 2006

In the paper

“These studies help to pinpoint the subprocesses within generative memory retrieval that might be most closely implicated in the phenomenon of overgeneral memory.”

In the paper

“We can now see how the two processes we have outlined, capture/rumination and executive control, contribute to functional avoidance in accounting for the fact that overgenerality is as likely to occur for positive as for negative cues.”

In the paper

“That is, if a depressed person sees the cue happy, it is just as likely to elicit self-referent ruminative thinking (“Why can't I handle things better?”; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003) as is a negative cue.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003

In the paper

“Generative retrieval of autobiographical memories within the Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) model requires the establishment of intermediate search descriptions to appropriately map the memory space to be searched. Lack of cognitive initiative is therefore likely to impede this process.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
• Not checked yetcites Hertel & Hardin, 1990

In the paper

“With the Conway and Pleydell-Pearce framework, it is easy to see how this would lead to vulnerabilities during generative retrieval, which requires appropriate inhibition of mnemonic material from other stages of the memory hierarchy while a suitable specific memory is located. Deficits in this ability to inhibit interfering information may contribute significantly to the capture errors discussed”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
• Not checked yetcites Zacks and Hasher (1994)

In the paper

“First, overgenerality is most likely to occur when retrieval is top-down (generative).”

In the paper

“We have seen that Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) theory of why autobiographical memory may be overgeneral, if confined to truncated search (dysfacilitation) due to avoidance of unpleasant ESK, will not explain all of the data.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000)

In the paper

“Reduced executive control implies that an impaired ability to inhibit prepotent (self-referent, ruminative) responses will make it even more difficult for the individual to maintain focus on the goal of retrieving a specific event.”

In the paper

“Any factor that truncates or disrupts the generative search process is therefore likely (in a significant proportion of cases) to lead toward inappropriate overgeneral responses.”

In the paper

“In particular, rumination is often triggered by a discrepancy between actuality and a desired state or goal (Martin & Tesser, 1996).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Martin & Tesser, 1996

In the paper