The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Open accessAbstract
The present article reviews modern research on the psychology of emotion regulation. Emotion regulation determines the offset of emotional responding and is thus distinct from emotional sensitivity, which determines the onset of emotional responding. Among the most viable categories for classifying emotion-regulation strategies are the targets and functions of emotion regulation. The emotion-generating systems that are targeted in emotion regulation include attention, knowledge, and bodily responses. The functions of emotion regulation include satisfying hedonic needs, supporting specific goal pursuits, and facilitating the global personality system. Emotion-regulation strategies are classified in terms of their targets and functions and relevant empirical work is reviewed. Throughout this review, emotion regulation emerges as one of the most far-ranging and influential processes at the interface of cognition and emotion.
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These are defensive responses, which protect the individual from changing her outlook.
“These are defensive responses, which protect the individual from changing her outlook.”
From Is supernatural belief unreliably formed? (2019) · cites this paper as Koole (2009)
Biases like the self-serving bias serve the larger goal of emotion-regulation.
“He also claims they serve the larger goal of emotion-regulation.”
From Is supernatural belief unreliably formed? (2019) · cites this paper as Koole (2009)
Belief-forming mechanisms that are unconstrained by reality are insensitive to counterevidence.
“From Campbell and Sedikides and Koole's discussion of the self-serving bias I derive the following characteristics of belief-forming mechanisms that are unconstrained by reality. They: - (i) Are insensitive to counterevidence”
From Is supernatural belief unreliably formed? (2019) · cites this paper as Koole (2009)
Biases like the self-serving bias often serve to ward off negative emotions like anxiety.
“Sander Koole notes that biases like the self-serving bias often serve to ward off negative emotions like anxiety.”
From Is supernatural belief unreliably formed? (2019) · cites this paper as Koole (2009)
Adequate emotion regulation fosters the identification, monitoring and modification of emotional reactions and makes it possible to tolerate distress inherent in conflictual and complex situations.
“An adequate emotion regulation fosters the identification, monitoring and modification of emotional reactions and makes it possible to tolerate distress inherent in conflictual and complex situations (Koole, 2009).”
From The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Koole, 2009
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Benita, M., Benish-Weisman, M., Matos, L., & Torres, C. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09781-x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Implicit emotion regulation: feeling better without knowing why.
Koole, S. L., Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.027 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality for the Enhancement of Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Díaz‐García, A., Fernandez‐Álvarez, J., & Botella, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2618 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Emotion regulation difficulties and academic procrastination
Mohammadi Bytamar, J., Saed, O., & Khakpoor, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524588 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Emotion regulation strategies in bipolar disorder: A systematic and critical review
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Kunze, F., & Menges, J. I. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2129 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Habitual Worrying and Benefits of Mindfulness
Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0211-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, A. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12867 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Recovering from negative events by boosting implicit positive affect
Quirin, M., Bode, R. C., & Kuhl, J. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.536418 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.527494 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Payer, D. E., Baicy, K., Lieberman, M. D., & London, E. D. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027421 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This regulation can be achieved in numerous ways (Hartley & Phelps, 2010; Koole, 2009), and although once assumed only to be initiated intentionally, evidence now suggests that some forms can occur automatically, without explicit intentions to modify emotions (Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf‐compassion and emotion regulation difficulties in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Eichholz, A., Schwartz, C., Meule, A., Heese, J., Neumüller, J., & Voderholzer, U. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2451 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Suhr, M., Risch, A. K., & Wilz, G. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22463 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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“A systematic review by Koole (2007) classified emotion regulation strategies based on targets, i.e., the manipulation of emotional response in emotion generation systems such as attention, cognitive and body, or functions, i.e., according to the results the person aims to achieve with emotion…”
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Emotion Regulation and Academic Burnout Among Youth: a Quantitative Meta-analysis
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Increased Attention Regulation from Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Attentional control in depression: A translational affective neuroscience approach
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Affective Reactivity Mediates an Inverse Relation Between Mindfulness and Anxiety
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Deconstructing the relationship between mindfulness and leader effectiveness
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Neural substrates of cognitive emotion regulation: a brief review
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Is supernatural belief unreliably formed?
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“2 Examples are Wilkins and Griffiths (2013), Murray (2008), Jones (2016), Leech and Visala (2011) and Nola (2013).”
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- Authors
- Koole, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Koole, Sander L.
- ORCID
- Koole, Sander L.
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-41
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2126913007
- Cited by
- 1,490
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, emotion regulation strategies, emotional responses, emotional sensitivity, attention, physiological responses, hedonic needs, goal pursuit, personality, emotion and cognition
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