The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effects of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes: A meta-analysis of research findings.
Abstract
A meta-analysis of 41 studies examined the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes in a variety of settings with both child and adult samples. Results indicated that providing choice enhanced intrinsic motivation, effort, task performance, and perceived competence, among other outcomes. Moderator tests revealed the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation was stronger (a) for instructionally irrelevant choices compared to choices made between activities, versions of a task, rewards, and instructionally relevant options, (b) when 2 to 4 successive choices were given, (c) when rewards were not given after the choice manipulation, (d) when participants given choice were compared to the most controlling forms of control groups, (e) for children compared to adults, (f) for designs that yoked choice and control conditions compared to matched designs in which choice was reduced or designs in which nonyoked, nonmatched controls were used, and (g) when the experiment was conducted in a laboratory embedded in a natural setting. Implications for future research and applications to real-world settings are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consistent evidence across many life contexts indicates that people who perceive they can make meaningful choices are likely to be intrinsically motivated, meaning that they are more likely to find activities enjoyable and interesting [99].”
In the citing paper
“Based on meta-analytic evidence [99], two to four opportunities for choice within a session is ideal.”
In the citing paper
“The researchers concluded that students who complete homework outperform those who do not, but as far as parental help with homework, results depended upon parental expertise in the subject matter.”
From Differences of Mean Scores on the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) for Classical Christian Schools Compared to Non-Classical Christian Schools (2019) · cites this paper as Patall et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“In Patall, Cooper, and Robinson’s (2008) meta-analysis and synthesis “of 14 studies that manipulated parent training for homework involvement” (p.1039) as well as “a meta-analysis of 22 samples from 20 studies correlating parent involvement and achievement-related outcomes” (p.1039), a positive correlation was indicated between training parents to work with students on homework (interactive) and”
From Differences of Mean Scores on the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) for Classical Christian Schools Compared to Non-Classical Christian Schools (2019) · cites this paper as Patall, Cooper, and Robinson’s (2008)
In the citing paper
“Further, as the autonomy studies suggest, there are now a more substantial set of findings in which choice, perceived control, and other forms of autonomy support produce superior performance and/or learning than do control or yoked conditions without choice (see also Murayama, Matsumoto, Izuma, Sugiura, Ryan, Deci et al., 2015;Patall, Cooper, & Robinson, 2008).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Patall, Cooper, & Robinson, 2008
Citations
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 54,599
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Miller, K. A. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2070638 · Cited by 15,406
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 · Cited by 7,176 · cited 9×
“Further, results of this synthesis and others have suggested that there are age differences in the effect of choice and rewards (Deci et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHelplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
de Boer, J., Delfmann, L. R., McCaffrey, L., Cardon, G., Altenburg, T. M., Deforche, B. I., Oeckel, V. V., & Verloigne, M. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.105784 · Cited by 1
Adaptation and validation of home-based involvement scale in the Indonesian Version
Nawangsari, N. A. F., & Solichah, N. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2537870 · Cited by 1
TiDE Model – Creating Plurilingual Digital Materials with Future Preschool Teachers
Sila, A., & Klančar, A. (2024) · Revija za elementarno izobraževanje · doi:10.18690/rei.4579 · Cited by 1
You say to-may-toe, I say to-mah-toe
Hoffman, B. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800779-2.00006-3 · Cited by 2
Redman, E. (2013) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 1
Cultural Differences in Self-Awareness in Adolescence Pathways to Spiritual Awareness
Rothbaum, F. M., Wang, Y. Z., & Cohen, D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013659.005 · Cited by 2
Using Knowledge Of The Adolescent Brain To Increase Motivation And Build Relationships
Anderson, C. E. (2017) · Digital Commons - Hamline (Hamline University) · Cited by 1
Ferrin, P. A. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
Rahadian, B., & Syaroni, D. A. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Business, Economic, Social Science and Humanities (ICOBEST 2018) · doi:10.2991/icobest-18.2018.45 · Cited by 1
Xvhai, C. H. E. N., & Wu, Q. (2019) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2019.01460 · Cited by 1
EFFECTS OF LOSS AVERSION ON THE EVALUATION OF DECISION OUTCOMES
Kokmotou, A. (2019) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03046759 · Cited by 1
To solve or to observe? The case of problem‐solving interactivity within child learning games
Tetourová, T., Hannemann, T., Javora, O., Volná, K., Šisler, V., & Brom, C. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12454 · Cited by 1
Magwenzi, M. M. (2020) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.15694/mep.2020.000223.1 · Cited by 1
Universitários de educação física são otimistas e motivados durante a vida acadêmica?
Passos, P. C. B., da Costa, L. C. A., Contreira, A. R., Belém, I. C., Silva, E. D., & Fiorese, L. (2020) · Educación Física y Ciencia · doi:10.24215/23142561e128 · Cited by 1
Comparison of Motivation Attributes Among Teachers at Cadet and Public Sectors Colleges.
Ali, M. A. (2020) · Pakistan Journal of Education · doi:10.30971/pje.v37i2.500 · Cited by 1
Self-choice preference: The propensity to under-delegate irrespective of sense of control
Wu, Q., He, Y., Luo, Y., Hughes, B., Jiang, C., & Chen, X. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103262 · Cited by 1
McMillan, G., & Milyavskaya, M. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2038001 · Cited by 2
Derilo, R. C. (2019) · International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies · doi:10.23918/ijsses.v5i4p54 · Cited by 1
Lehre durchführen: Motivation der Studierenden
Ulrich, I. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31070-7_8 · Cited by 1
MOTIVAÇÃO E PAIXÃO DOS ATLETAS PARANAENSES DE ATLETISMO NAS PROVAS DE MEIO FUNDO E FUNDO: PARTE I
Moreira, C. T., de Lima, A. M., Ribas, M. L., Fiorese, L., Arantes, L. C., & Contreira, A. R. (2022) · Bookerfield Editora · doi:10.53268/bkf21110404 · Cited by 1
What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn
Patrick, H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0059 · Cited by 3
Urdan, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0043 · Cited by 2
Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False Dichotomies
Alexander, P. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0023 · Cited by 2
Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research
Martin, A. J., & Burns, E. C. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0062 · Cited by 3
The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious Motivation
Urdan, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0032 · Cited by 1
Insights Gained from Controversy 3
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0024 · Cited by 1
Zimmer, T. J. (2019) · J. Willard Marriott Library · doi:10.26053/0j-pm9x-z9v9 · Cited by 1
Choice-Based DiscriminationPreprint
Katz, T. K. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2186128 · Cited by 1
The Motivational Benefits and Limits of Choice
Patall, E. A. (2009) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1
Self-citationKlaphake, S. L. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Delk, N. L. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Managing Work and Life: The Impact of Framing
Roche, H. G. (2015) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
The interaction between task goals and the representation of choice options in decision-making
Bobadilla-Suarez, S. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Influential Factors In Consumer's Adoption Of Innovative Products
Kalantari, M. (2018) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Buchanan, S. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.116595 · Cited by 1
An Evaluation of the Autonomy Support Predictions and Recommendations in OPTIMAL Theory
McKay, B. (2020) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-24411 · Cited by 1
Wang, Y. (2019) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 1
Relationship between Leisure Experience and Aggression: Mediating Effect of Self-esteemPreprint
Wang, X., Xia, X., & Yu, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1501939/v1 · Cited by 1
Parrisius, C., Gaspard, H., Zitzmann, S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p2zfr · Cited by 1
Engaging Students with Interactive Education: The Motivational Qualities of Student Response SystemsPreprint
David, L., & Weinstein, N. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p8eay · Cited by 3
Courtier, P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/42da4bccz458fz4926z892ez2baec0cd1f73 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial mechanisms underpinning motivation in youth sports participants
Curran, T. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Physical activity lapses and parental social control
WILSON, K. S. (2008) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Engaging Rural-Urban Students in Creative Writing
DePew, J., Moss, G., & Swim, T. J. (2009) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)
Hulbert, J. A. (2013) · SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System)
Engaging Middle Years Students: The challenges that middle years teachers face.
Clark, C. (2012) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Kim, H. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Caputo, J., Dahne, J. R., Holbert, B. D., Klein, B. A., Kriz, V., Liu, K. X., Myers, A., Rammelkamp, A. J., Scher, D. N. M., Whittiker, K. N., et al. (2010) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
The effect of choice on the physiology of emotion: An affective startle modulation study
Genevsky, A., & Gard, D. E. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.013
Examining the evidence-base for the interventions used in a large urban district
Klingbeil, D. A. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
van der Weiden, A. (2008) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Lee, J. (2013) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Luo, C., Jiang, Z. (., & Yi, C. (2015)
Korleis opplever eleven å ha vanskar i matematikk? "Eg er berre glad for at eg ikkje er dum"
Rogne, T. S. (2015) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))
Preferred Learning Tools in Online Mathematics Classes
Porro, A. M. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2955-4.ch005
Lehre durchführen: Motivation der Studierenden
Ulrich, I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-11922-5_8
Tracy, J. F. (2015) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.6825
Karagiorgakis, I. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Harmon, J. L. (2016) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Technology, Psychology, and Evolution
Kool, V. K., & Agrawal, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45333-0_2
Hüber, F., Meyer, F., Appelmann, E., & Kornmann, C. (2017) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47331-4_37
Mouselli, S., Aytouni, K. A., & Naddeh, K. M. (2017) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54419-9_7
Borges, S. S. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.55.2018.tde-30012018-165553
The Effect of Distraction on Depression: The Moderating Role of Flow
안혜진, & Kim, E.-J. (2018) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2018.23.1.005
Conceptualizing user choice as motivational factor in ad-hoc tumor board scheduling applications
Aydingül, O., Jussupow, E., Spohrer, K., & Heinzl, A. (2018) · TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)
The impact of a literacy/mentoring intervention on the outcomes of looked after children
Murphy, M. E. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Gandhi, T. (2018) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Goikoetxea, E., Reus, M., Rodríguez, L., & Arbaiza, A. (2018) · Huarte de San Juan . Filología y Didáctica de la Lengua
COURSE DESIGN�ONLINE: HELPING STUDENTS PERFORM IN THE DIGITAL AGE
Harris, J. W. (2018) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4749
Motivation and Success in Therapy
Buhr, E. E. (2019) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-09dz-6375
Parent Partnership and its Relationship to Sixth Grade Science Achievement
Omar, S. H. (2018) · Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences · doi:10.12785/jeps/190310
Baker, J. P. (2019) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.4117
Productivity and wellbeing in the 21st century workplace : implications of choice
Hanc, M.-L. (2019) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
The impact of teacher interest-led inquiry on the student learning experience
Russo, T., & Russo, J. (2019) · Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia
Optimization of Motor Performance
Chua, L.-K. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/16076256
Frumkvæði nemenda: Innlit í kennslustundir níu framhaldsskóla
Óskarsdóttir, G. G. (2018) · Netla · doi:10.24270/serritnetla.2019.6
Williams, S. R., & Hutcheson-Williams, W. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-564-7_18
Tempesta, B. (2019) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20328896
Making Meaning of Mindfulness in the Lives of Law School Students: A Phenomenological Study
Mitchell, L. B. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
ESPAI OBERT. MULTIDISCIPLINARY COOPERATIVE LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Navarro, Y. H., de Dato, P., Sendra, M. C. E., & Gómez, M. F. P. (2020) · EDULEARN proceedings · doi:10.21125/edulearn.2020.1340
Improving the customer experience through the use of unearned preferential treatment
Pontes, V. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.203002
کمیلی, ر., بهرام, ع., پور, ش. پ., & یاعلی, ر. (2020) · Sport Psychology · doi:10.29252/mbsp.5.1.27
A Working-Class Academic Pedagogy
Crew, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58352-1_6
Choice as an engine of independence : implications for employee voice and managerial decision making
Nanakdewa, K. (2020) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/144869
Davis, M. R. (2018) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
THE EFFECT OF VIDEO INSTRUCTION ON THE PERFORMANCE ACHIEVEMENT OF FIFTH GRADE INSTRUMENTAL STUDENTS
Selfridge, S. M. (2018) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
Academic achievement impact of project choice in a 1:1 classroom
Karras, C. (2017) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
Brophy’s Motivation to Learn: CLASSROOM APPLICABILITY
Reid, D. B. C. (2011) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
مغسلي, س., & وحميش, غ. (2021) · مجلة دراسات إنسانية واجتماعية · doi:10.46315/1714-010-002-052
On the meanings of presenteeism: a conceptual and theoretical extension
Sarwat, N., Baba, V. V., & Michael Lee-Chin & Family Institute for Strategic Business Studies (2020) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/3189
Metadata
- Authors
- Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 270-300
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2081900501
- Cited by
- 1,101
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- choice, intrinsic motivation, effort, task performance, perceived competence, reward, children versus adults, self-determination theory
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Choice Behavior, Humans, Motivation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
