The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Abstract
Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among six different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n target are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability and the application to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a result, the inter-rater agreement was quite high for categorical variables (mean Cohen's kappa = 0.73, SD = 0.13) and for continuous variables (mean intraclass correlation [26] = 0.80, SD = .14).”
From Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review (2010) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“we used the methodology Shrout and Fleiss (1979) describe and computed the Shrout-Fleiss single ICC score agreement of .998, which is considered quite high (Koo and Li 2016).”
From Driving Brand Engagement Through Online Social Influencers: An Empirical Investigation of Sponsored Blogging Campaigns (2019) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss (1979)
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Cohen's quadratically weighted kappa converges to two-factor intraclass correlation coefficients with random and fixed raters (i.e., the so-called ICC (2,1) and ICC(3,1) coefficients), where the items and raters are the two factors (Carrasco, 2010;Fleiss & Cohen, 1973;Janson & Olsson, 2001;Schuster, 2004;Schuster & Smith, 2005;Shrout & Fleiss, 1979;Warrens, 2014).”
From Quadratically Weighted Agreement Coefficients: Interpretations and Connections (2026) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“A sample of 11% of video data was double coded by the researcher and an experienced coder (the developer of CHIPPA). Inter‐rater reliability was based on intra‐class correlation (ICC) statistics from the mean rating for the two coders (k = 2) using a two‐way mixed effects consistency model (see Table 2 below) and resulted in good to excellent reliability across the CHIPPA subscales (Koo & Li, 2016”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“The results suggest that coders showed high agreement (intraclass correlation [2, 1] = 0.85; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“Interrater reliability of the pre- and posttreatment assessments was excellent (intraclass correlations [2, 1] = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“The ICC quantifies the proportion of total variance attributable to differences between tasks and can be understood as a function of both the difficulty of the dataset (variance between tasks) and the consistency of the agent (variance within tasks).”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“Reproducibility of the final placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid volume in millilitres was assessed using the ICC (2,1) [37], [38] for inter-observer repeatability between the semi-automated Random Walker results, regarded as the ground-truth used for performance evaluation, and the newly generated FCNN outputs.”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312006001112 · Cited by 8,013
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Scheffé, H. (1960) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196006000-00016 · Cited by 5,625
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Reliability
Bartko, J. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3 · Cited by 2,206
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
The theory of the estimation of test reliability
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288391 · Cited by 1,953
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 21,001–21,100 of 23,883
Evaluación de la actividad inflamatoria mediante ultrasonografía en la artritis reumatoide
Naredo, E. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
An Analysis of Factors Impacting K-12 Technology-Infused Design
Waddle, W. A. (2012) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Lehmann, A. (2013) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-12786
Localized muscle fatigue during isotonic and nonisotonic isometric efforts
Iridiastadi, H. (2003) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Carver, T. A. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
久保, 大., 佐藤, 正., 宏介, 柏., 中川, 修., 藤井, 隆., 田中, 順., & 田中, 昌. (2013) · 歯科医学 · doi:10.18905/shikaigaku.76.2_83 · Cited by 1
The Reliability Of Facial Soft Tissue Landmarks With Photogrammetry
Payne, M. G. (2013) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)
Cerebrovascular haemodynamic parameters : reproducibility and changes following acute stroke
Brodie, F. G. (2010) · Figshare
Setiaji, D. S. A. W. K. (2011) · Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology (Universitas Gadjah Mada) · doi:10.22146/bkm.3401
Roy, M. B. (2010) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Análisis de ítems del nuevo Test Gestáltico Visomotor de Bender (2ª versión)
Merino‐Soto, C., & Allen, R. A. (2014) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/x6c24f59
Meeboon, S. (2006) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Absolute quantification of oxygen metabolism in the human brain using FMRI
Stone, A. J. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Physical exercise as a targeted therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Munters, L. A. (2013) · Figshare
Edeni, K. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Anxiety in Italian and British children:the role of maternal parenting behaviours
Raudino, A. (2010) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)
de la Cruz, L. D. (2009) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3794n
Fontana, P. (2010) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-006132729
Hellström, A., & Lundberg, E. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Composite Model for Profiling Physicians Across Domains of Care
Pelletier, L., Johnson, S. A., Westrick, E. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1097/00115514-201405000-00011
Construct validity of the Affect in Play Scale -Brief Rating (APS-BR)
Cordiano, T. S. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Bhatara, A. K., Quintin, E., Heaton, P., Fombonne, E. J., & Levitin, D. J. (2009) · Goldsmiths Research Online
Osborne, S. J. (2014) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/9225
Chamberlin, C. (2005) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Jucks, R., Brummernhenrich, B., Becker, B.-M., & Bromme, R. (2014) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000135
Annotti, L. A. (2013) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Gil, E., Oh, H. L., Shin, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing · doi:10.7739/jkafn.2015.22.3.318
Why is core spine integrity related to low back pain?
Sung, P. S. (2015) · Itch & Pain · doi:10.14800/ip.932
Methological advances in the examination of the dopamine system in brain
Sóvágó, J. (2005) · Figshare
Jung, G.-H., Heo, S.-K., & Seo, H. J. (2015) · Journal of the Korean Fracture Society · doi:10.12671/jkfs.2015.28.3.155
Pineau, V., Lebel, B., Gouzy, S., Dutheil, J.-J., & Vielpeau, C. (2010) · Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique · doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2010.06.008
A comparison of regression techniques to control for gait speed
Dixon, P. C., & Böhm, H. (2012) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.10.250
Characteristics of Valid Biographical Items
Stricker, L. J., Alderton, D. L., & Rock, D. A. (2011) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0094761
Ricard, F., Tychyj-Pinel, C., Giammarile, F., et al. (2013) · Médecine Nucléaire · doi:10.1016/j.mednuc.2013.04.003
Bartfay, E. (2003) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0302_4
Évaluation des variations torsionnelles du membre inférieur : système EOS versus scanner
Folinais, D., Thelen, P., Delin, C., et al. (2013) · Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique · doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2013.04.001
Rouse, P. C. (2011) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Diagnosis and prognosis of brain tumors in clinical trials
Gorlia, T. (2013) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Reliability and Validity of the Manual Measurement Method for Patellar Height
Kim, M.-H., Yun, S.-J., & Weon, J.-H. (2013) · Physical Therapy Korea · doi:10.12674/ptk.2013.20.3.054
Time-interval measurement in stuttering: can it make the transition from research to practice?
Carmichael, G., Hayes, B. K., & Ferguson, A. (2004) · Asia Pacific Journal of Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1179/136132804805575930
Reification and “statification” in attachment theory and research
Masters, J. C. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026649
Soenning, S. A., Fireman, G., & Clopton, J. R. (2010) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2010.14035 · Cited by 1
Studying the security of infant-adult attachment: A reprise
Lamb, M. E., Gardner, W. P., Charnov, E. L., Thompson, R. A., & Estes, D. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026698
Serrano, J. A., Robles, J. A. G., Fernández, E. G., & Domínguez, J. L. D. (1999) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/s0300-8932(99)74957-2
Neuropsychological and health predictors of theory of mind in older adults
Fischer, A. L. (2010) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Eureka! A reliable, home-made water volumetry device
Kimmel, L. A., Prescott, J., Holland, A. E., & Bedi, H. S. (2014) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2014.21.3.126
Kim, S., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120705101507
Agreement: I. Continuous measures
Hadži-Pavlović, D. (2010) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00445.x
Reliability of a Work- and Health-related Questionnaire Among Coal Miners
Baste, V., Hanoa, R., & Moen, B. E. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3182898657
Practice Evoking the Flexor Carpi Radialis H-Reflex: A Guideline for Proficiency
Inglis, J., Christie, A. D., & Gabriel, D. A. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.104.1.287-297
Test–retest reliability of the SERT imaging agent [11C]HOMADAM in healthy humans
Nye, J. A., Owens, M. J., Dunlop, B. W., et al. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.089
Bonding behaviours, behavioural binds, and biological bases
Salzen, E. A. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026686
Reliability of the Radiographic Parameters in Pediatric Supracondylar Fracture
Kwak, Y. H., Shin, D.-J., & Park, K.-B. (2010) · Journal of the Korean Fracture Society · doi:10.12671/jkfs.2010.23.1.90
Wilson, B. N., Kaplan, B. J., & Faris, P. (1992) · The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/153944929201200202
Test re-test reliability of the UNC Functional Performance Test
Hash, N. R. (2009) · doi:10.33915/etd.2761
Dudley, M. J., & Nirui, M. (2002) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110208951173
Agreement between ‘time-blind’ and ‘time-non-blind’ assessments of depressive symptomatology
Corruble, E., Duret, C., Payan, C., Fermanian, J., Puech, A. J., & Guelfi, J. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00046-3
Moineau, G., Lévigne, C., Boileau, P., et al. (2012) · Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique · doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2012.06.068
The Impact of Distributive Systems and Gender on Perceptions of Social Relations1
Maruffi, B. L. (1985) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb00893.x
Arifin, W. N., Nadiah, W. A., Irfan, M., et al. (2011) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.5959/eimj.v3i2.64
RESPONSE LATENCY MEASURES FOR BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORIES
Stricker, L. J., & Alderton, D. L. (1991) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1991.tb01385.x
Suh, J. (2012) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Tyrakowski, M., Kotwicki, T., Czubak, J., & Siemionow, K. B. (2014) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3420-x
Tang, Q. O., Gikas, P. D., Tyler, P., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.041
Reliability of Outputs of Field Random Number Generator Movie Experiments
Shimizu, T., & Ishikawa, M. (2012) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2012.10.3.551
Synergie de la TEP-TDM et du scanner en onco-hématologie
Ricard, F., Giammarile, F., Tychyj-Pinel, C., Houzard, C., Decullier, É., Chateau, F., Manichon, A., Orliaguet, I., Michallet, A., Salles, G., et al. (2013) · Journal de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle · doi:10.1016/j.jradio.2013.06.002
Lucidarme, O., Bridal, S. L., Corréas, J.-M., et al. (2004) · Journal de Radiologie · doi:10.1016/s0221-0363(04)77525-3
King, R., Parker, S. P. A., Mouzakis, K., et al. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192978
Brown, R. T. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026534
Braun, G. B., Paul, G. L., & Mariotto, M. J. (1993) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00960615
Waghorn, G., Harris, M., Gladman, B., Hennessey, N., Lloyd, C., & Mowry, B. J. (2011) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2011.18.3.146
ROPARS, M., Fournier, A., Campillo‐Gimenez, B., et al. (2010) · Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique · doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2010.09.013
Abelha, F., Veiga, D., Norton, M., et al. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (Edicion en Espanol) · doi:10.1016/j.bjanes.2012.09.003
Coding Criminal Justice Interactions with the MITI: Recommendations for Research and Practice
Walters, S. T., Cornett, M., & Vader, A. M. (2012) · Motivational Interviewing Training Research Implementation Practice · doi:10.5195/mitrip.2012.21
Reproduceerbaarheid van vijf EK-FCE-tiltests bij mensen met lage rugklachten
Gouttebarge, V., Wind, H., Kuijer, P., et al. (2007) · Tijdschrift voor bedrijfs- en verzekeringsgeneeskunde · doi:10.1007/bf03074549
Hansen, M. B., & Spada, H. (2007) · Computer-supported collaborative learning/The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference · doi:10.3115/1599600.1599648
Lange, K., Bähr, M., & Hein, K. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10024
Duffy, J. F., & Peacock, A. C. (1986) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1936-4490.1986.tb00434.x
The impact of training and use of teams on dynamic capabilities of small manufacturers
Daly, P. S., Bierly, P. E., & Miller, B. K. (2004) · International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1504/ijlic.2004.005069
Hwang, A., Liao, H.-F., Hsieh, W., Chen, P., Su, Y., & Weng, L. (2007) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(07)70290-6
Oh, S. B., Moon, J. W., & Kim, H. C. (2010) · Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society · doi:10.3341/jkos.2010.51.3.372
Capturing three-dimensional clavicle kinematics: a validation of surface sensor measurements
Szucs, K. A., & Borstad, J. D. (2015) · International Journal of Experimental and Computational Biomechanics · doi:10.1504/ijecb.2015.067678
Interbeoordelaarsovereenstemming bij gestructureerd beslissen over kindermishandeling
Bartelink, C., van Yperen, T., ten Berge, I., de Kwaadsteniet, L., & Witteman, C. L. M. (2013) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-013-0014-z
Videobasierte 2D-Gangbildanalyse
Vogt, L., Himmelreich, H., Ruhleder, M., Mahrous, A., & Banzer, W. B. (2003) · Manuelle Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00337-003-0209-0
Merino‐Soto, C., & Allen, R. A. (2013) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2013.30.2.5
GUNJI, A., ABE, H., & Uchiyama, Y. (1999) · Rigakuryoho Kagaku · doi:10.1589/rika.14.3
MATERNAL SENSITIVITY WITH THEIR INFANTS: THE ROLE OF EMOTION STATES, FATIGUE, AND INFANT ENGAGEMENT
Goldwater-Adler, S. (2013)
The Adolescent Well-Being Assessment Instrument: An Interdisciplinary Approach
DeMasi, M. E., Kelsh, T. J., & Tierney, C. C. (2003)
Golden, C. H. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Vasconcelos, M. E. L., Fonseca, M. J. M., Rozenfeld, S., & Acúrcio, F. D. A. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2009000400008
Fenomenologia e história natural da síndrome de Tourette: breve resumo da pesquisa
Leckman, J. F. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2014.tde-05052014-105233
Cognitive-motor interventions: A novel approach to improve physical functioning in older adults
Pichierri, G. (2014) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010104076
Rönning, H. (2011) · DiVA (Linkoping University)
Dantas, C. D. R., & Banzato, C. E. M. (2007) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Temporal Consistency and Stability of Three Scales for Measuring Stress in Adults
Rossini, E. D., Weinstein, M., & Smith, J. C. (1996) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.588
Koh, B. D. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Spatio-Temporal Mixed Models for Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scott, J. (2008) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Metadata
- Authors
- Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Shrout, Patrick E.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1979
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 420-428
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2141403362
- Cited by
- 24,532
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1452 · 2025: 1085 · 2024: 998 · 2023: 1023 · 2022: 1083 · 2021: 1379 · 2020: 1189 · 2019: 1116 · 2018: 1178 · 2017: 1113 · 2016: 1106 · 2015: 1057 · 2014: 1172 · 2013: 1044 · 2012: 914
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, reliability coefficients, confidence intervals, multiple raters
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
