The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Abstract
Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among six different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n target are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability and the application to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a result, the inter-rater agreement was quite high for categorical variables (mean Cohen's kappa = 0.73, SD = 0.13) and for continuous variables (mean intraclass correlation [26] = 0.80, SD = .14).”
From Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review (2010) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“we used the methodology Shrout and Fleiss (1979) describe and computed the Shrout-Fleiss single ICC score agreement of .998, which is considered quite high (Koo and Li 2016).”
From Driving Brand Engagement Through Online Social Influencers: An Empirical Investigation of Sponsored Blogging Campaigns (2019) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss (1979)
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Cohen's quadratically weighted kappa converges to two-factor intraclass correlation coefficients with random and fixed raters (i.e., the so-called ICC (2,1) and ICC(3,1) coefficients), where the items and raters are the two factors (Carrasco, 2010;Fleiss & Cohen, 1973;Janson & Olsson, 2001;Schuster, 2004;Schuster & Smith, 2005;Shrout & Fleiss, 1979;Warrens, 2014).”
From Quadratically Weighted Agreement Coefficients: Interpretations and Connections (2026) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“A sample of 11% of video data was double coded by the researcher and an experienced coder (the developer of CHIPPA). Inter‐rater reliability was based on intra‐class correlation (ICC) statistics from the mean rating for the two coders (k = 2) using a two‐way mixed effects consistency model (see Table 2 below) and resulted in good to excellent reliability across the CHIPPA subscales (Koo & Li, 2016”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“The results suggest that coders showed high agreement (intraclass correlation [2, 1] = 0.85; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“Interrater reliability of the pre- and posttreatment assessments was excellent (intraclass correlations [2, 1] = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“The ICC quantifies the proportion of total variance attributable to differences between tasks and can be understood as a function of both the difficulty of the dataset (variance between tasks) and the consistency of the agent (variance within tasks).”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“Reproducibility of the final placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid volume in millilitres was assessed using the ICC (2,1) [37], [38] for inter-observer repeatability between the semi-automated Random Walker results, regarded as the ground-truth used for performance evaluation, and the newly generated FCNN outputs.”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312006001112 · Cited by 8,013
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Scheffé, H. (1960) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196006000-00016 · Cited by 5,625
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Reliability
Bartko, J. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3 · Cited by 2,206
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
The theory of the estimation of test reliability
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288391 · Cited by 1,953
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 20,801–20,900 of 23,883
Daugherty, A. M. (2014) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Viljoen, S. (2016) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2360.9368 · Cited by 1
Anticipated Food Scarcity and Food PreferencesPreprint
Folwarczny, M. (2021) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/mgqhu · Cited by 1
Suminski, R. R., Jr., Dominick, G. M., & Wagner, N. J. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.28254 · Cited by 1
Migrant Pronunciation: What do Employers find Acceptable?
Pilott, M. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17019935.v1
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.001 · Cited by 1
Addendum: Statistical Analyses and Computer Programming in Personality
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.045 · Cited by 1
van Dijk, P. R., Lommerde, N., Fokkert, M. J., Edens, M. A., Hernández, A. D., Delgado, E., Slingerland, R. J., & Bilo, H. J. G. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1319932/v1 · Cited by 1
(2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470609927.refs · Cited by 1
Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Smit, E., Doe-Asinyo, R. X., Lawerteh, S. E., Aertssen, W. F. M., Ferguson, G. D., & Jelsma, D. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-76118/v1 · Cited by 1
Larger and more dentated hippocampal structure is associated with better memory in the oldest-oldPreprint
Parpura, V., Caceres, H., Sims, S. A., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487750 · Cited by 1
Towards enhanced management of fear of falling in older people
Kruisbrink, M. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220510mk · Cited by 1
Spertus, J. V., Glazer, A., & Rue, J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3652639 · Cited by 1
Movement as a vital sign in neonates
Zuzarte, I. (2020) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20385584 · Cited by 1
KRAEMER, H. C. (2014) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat06957 · Cited by 1
(1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057065-5.50022-1 · Cited by 1
An evaluation of the correctional training program delivered by the correctional service of Canada
Corey, S. (2012) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2012-09461 · Cited by 1
Behavioral Correlates of Coping Strategies in Close Relationships
Bélanger, C., Sabourin, S., & El‐Baalbaki, G. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e617822012-010 · Cited by 1
Barnby, J. M., Bell, V., Rains, L. S., Mehta, M. A., & Deeley, Q. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fd9aw · Cited by 1
Walcott, C. M., & Riley‐Tillman, T. C. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1121 · Cited by 1
An experimental investigation of drunk personality using self and observer reports
Winograd, R. (2016) · doi:10.32469/10355/66968 · Cited by 1
Kimel, M., & Revicki, D. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1518 · Cited by 1
ReliabilityPreprint
Revelle, W., & Condon, D. M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jgwm4 · Cited by 1
MacDermid, J. C., & Richards, R. S. (2001) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.4172/plastic-surgery.1000282 · Cited by 1
Anemia: Not Just an Innocent Bystander?—Correction
(2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.15.1820 · Cited by 1
Fleck, S., Quinlan, D. M., Jalali, B., et al. (1988) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf01794779 · Cited by 1
Intergroup dissimilarity predicts physiological synchrony and affiliation in intergroup interactionPreprint
Danyluck, C. M., & Page‐Gould, E. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pvqdu · Cited by 1
Shrout, P. E. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9780470976739.ch5 · Cited by 1
Self-citation脳卒中片麻痺患者における機能的動作尺度Functional Movement Scale（FMS）の信頼性と妥当性の検討
臼田, 滋. (2004) · Journal of the Japanese Physical Therapy Association · doi:10.15063/rigaku.kj00003654244 · Cited by 1
Measuring personal autonomy and social participation in older adults with a chronic physical illness
Mars, G. M. J. (2013) · doi:10.26481/dis.20131101gm · Cited by 1
On the Indeterminates of Glaucoma
Pappelis, K. (2022) · doi:10.33612/diss.217111330 · Cited by 1
Timbrell, L., Scott, C., Habte, B., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1752934/v1 · Cited by 1
Elder, J., Wilson, L., & Calanchini, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sm2yt · Cited by 1
The EmojiGrid as a rating tool for the affective appraisal of touchPreprint
Toet, A., & van Erp, J. B. F. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/rjvge · Cited by 1
Can people intentionally and selectively forget prose material?Preprint
Pastötter, B., & Haciahmet, C. C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b7fjr
Joustra, V., Yim, A. Y. F. L., Hageman, I., Levin, E., Adams, A. T., Satsangi, J. J., de Jonge, W. J., Henneman, P., & D’Haens, G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504377 · Cited by 1
A nomological network for misophonia in two German samples using the S-Five model for misophonia.Preprint
Remmert, N., Jebens, A., Gruzman, R., Gregory, J. E., & Vitoratou, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6eub3 · Cited by 1
Vogt, A., Kaup, B., Rahman, R. A., & Ganter, I. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3zgrc · Cited by 1
Immediate test-retest reliabilities of intention to quit smoking measures in current adult smokersPreprint
Mainy, N., Dibenedetto, S., Hankins, M. C., Almoosawi, S., Clerc, E., Kallischnigg, G., Sieverding, M., & Magnani, P. (2022) · doi:10.32388/mz3cof · Cited by 1
Katayama, K., Nakamichi, M., & Yamada, K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510262 · Cited by 1
Vandael, K. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221107kv · Cited by 1
Werner, J., Papies, E. K., Best, M., Scheepers, C., & Barsalou, L. W. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mqzhe · Cited by 1
Scheller, B., Santini, J., Culié, D., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2237513/v1 · Cited by 1
Electronic monitoring in fisheries
van Helmond, A. T. M. (2022) · doi:10.18174/580701 · Cited by 1
Kimel, M., & Revicki, D. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_1518-2 · Cited by 1
Labor-Management Relational CapitalPreprint
Hwang, S., & Lee, B. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4345862 · Cited by 1
Gupta, A. S., Patel, S. M., Premasiri, A. S., & Vieira, F. G. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.23287869 · Cited by 1
Yamamori, Y., Robinson, O., & Roiser, J. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535526 · Cited by 10
Dynamic oxygen-enhanced MRI of the lung at 3 T: feasibility, repeatability and reproducibilityPreprint
Kim, M., Naish, J. H., Needleman, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536144 · Cited by 1
Developing the Situated Assessment Method (SAM²) to assess social connectedness and social supportPreprint
Lūka, C. T. B., Iswaraan, B., & Barsalou, L. W. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m3d65 · Cited by 2
Developing and Evaluating a Situated Assessment Instrument for Trichotillomania: The SAM² TAIPreprint
Lūka, C. T. B., Hendry, K., Dutriaux, L., Stevenson, J. L., & Barsalou, L. W. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v6qna · Cited by 1
Estimating Policy Effects using Lagged Outcome Values to Impute CounterfactualsPreprint
Powell, D., Griffin, B. A., & Wolfson, T. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4474837 · Cited by 1
“shortCardiac” — An open-source framework for fast and standardized assessment of cardiac function
Radke, K. L., Benner, J., Röwer, L. M., Voit, D., Frahm, J., Antoch, G., Klee, D., Pillekamp, F., & Wittsack, H. (2023) · SoftwareX · doi:10.1016/j.softx.2023.101453 · Cited by 1
Yamamori, Y., Robinson, O. J., & Roiser, J. P. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87720.2 · Cited by 1
Delsmann, M. M., Delsmann, J., Jandl, N. M., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3275121/v1 · Cited by 1
Maerlender, A., Smith, E., Brolinson, P. G., Urban, J. E., Ajamil, A., Rowson, S., Stitzel, J. D., Duma, S. M., Crisco, J. J., & Greenwald, R. M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0944.v1
Swallow, breathing and survival: sex-specific effects of opioids.
Frazure, M. L. (2023) · doi:10.18297/etd/4145 · Cited by 1
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1
How Much Retrieval Ability Is in Originality?Preprint
Weiss, S., Goecke, B., & Wilhelm, O. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9h2xy · Cited by 1
Bayesian Modelling Approaches for Breath-Hold Induced Cerebrovascular ReactivityPreprint
Hayes, G., Bulte, D. P., Moia, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579134 · Cited by 1
Development and Initial Validation of the Mindful Self-Regulated Learning Scale (M-Srls)Preprint
Wolff, S. M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4783452 · Cited by 1
Parent-Mediated Eye Gaze Intervention in Young Autistic Children: ADOS-BOSCC Outcome StudyPreprint
Husu, E., Helminen, T. M., Muuvila, M., Lauttia, J., Eriksson, K. J., Nevalainen, J., & Kylliäinen, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4424436/v1 · Cited by 1
(2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001350.supp · Cited by 1
Li, Y., Middleton, D. M., Chen, A. A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4536023/v1 · Cited by 1
Episode-specific and common intrinsic functional network patterns in bipolarPreprint
Liu, X., Liu, Z.-Q., Wan, B., Zhang, X.-H., Liu, L., Xiao, J., Meng, Y., Liu, X., Wang, S., Weng, C., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.24310655 · Cited by 1
Quantifying the Impact of Co-Housing on Murine Aging StudiesPreprint
Luciano, A., & Churchill, G. A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.06.606373 · Cited by 1
Multimodal personality assessment from audio, visual, and verbal features
Koutsoumpis, A. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.714 · Cited by 1
Face value: The effect of facial aesthetic treatment on first impressions and partner preferencesPreprint
Jaeger, B., Bucker, B., van der Meulen, J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9k4hg · Cited by 1
Baskurt, S. (2024) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16307 · Cited by 1
Hair Loss, Body Height and Attractiveness Malus for MenPreprint
Henss, R. (2024) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/niaxz7.2 · Cited by 1
Test-retest reliability of auditory MMN measured with OPM-MEGPreprint
Demkó, L., Iglesias, S., Mellor, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627674 · Cited by 1
Ramsden, R., Pike, I., Thorne, S. E., & BRUSSONI, M. J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.25320884 · Cited by 1
Medina, S., Clarke, S., & Hughes, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635646 · Cited by 1
Virtual reality based mindfulness applications: a commercial health app reviewPreprint
Ghosal, S., Zhang, M., Bogosian, A., Marsh, E., Edginton, T. L., Stanmore, E., & O’Connor, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.25324405 · Cited by 1
PyMED-DX: A Python tool for diagnostic value evaluation of 2D medical images
Gojić, G., Vincan, V., Kundačina, O., et al. (2025) · SoftwareX · doi:10.1016/j.softx.2025.102128 · Cited by 1
Vorwerk-Handing, S. C. (2012) · doi:10.70897/whu.dis.0014 · Cited by 1
Williams, Z. J., Dwyer, P. S. R., Poulsen, R. E., Barrett, D. J., Keçeli-Kaysılı, B., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2025) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4qryg_v1 · Cited by 1
Convergent and Divergent Brain–Cognition DevelopmentPreprint
Xie, Y., Zhang, S., Orbán, C., Ooi, L. Q. R., Kong, R., Floris, D. L., Zuo, X., Dhamala, E., Holmes, A. J., Uddin, L. Q., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658294 · Cited by 1
Gerardin, Y., Stanford-Moore, A., Patel, N., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Mistry, P. N., Kartik, D., Liu, Y., Indorf, N., Fahy, D., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.25328580 · Cited by 1
Methodology for Systematic Reviews in EducationPreprint
Huang, R., & Yin, Y. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/az5xm_v1 · Cited by 2
Shadgan, B., Tehrani, I. A., Khosravi, S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403210/v1 · Cited by 1
de Florès, R., Canada, K. L., Brown, T. I., Gervais, N. J., Maaß, A., Rådman, G., Shine, J. P., Tucker, H. L., Molloy, E. N., Adams, J. N., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689476 · Cited by 1
Zhao, W. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5826285 · Cited by 1
Effekter av undervisning om psykisk helse i videregående skoler
Andersen, B. J. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Accuracy and precision of a technique to assess residual limb volume with a measuring-tape
Jarl, G. M. (2003) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 1
Specificity and reliability of measures of the EEG power spectrum
Hooper, G. S. (2000) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/105620 · Cited by 1
Hamstring flexibility : measurement, stretching and injury susceptibility
Waterworth, S. (2014) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 1
Ifie, K. (2010) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 1
Wojewoda, E. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Culturally Adapted Mental Health Treatments: A Meta-Analysis
Griner, D. (2007) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 1
Hypersomnia in Bipolar Disorder: Clarifying a Diagnostic Dilemma
Kaplan, K. A. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Bertrand, B. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/93c57091zab7fz4935z82dez9eab8cbca7fb · Cited by 1
Open-ended Structured Question Assessment with Human-LLM Collaboration
Lin, F., Lin, Y., Cao, K., Deng, Z., & Cai, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791034
Zhao, G. (2012) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3fb5209 · Cited by 1
Affectivity, quality of life and health resources utilization in arthritis
Torrecillas, I. V. (2003) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Clerx, L. (2014) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20140516lc · Cited by 1
Brogårdh, C. B. (2006) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Shrout, Patrick E.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1979
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 420-428
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2141403362
- Cited by
- 24,532
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1452 · 2025: 1085 · 2024: 998 · 2023: 1023 · 2022: 1083 · 2021: 1379 · 2020: 1189 · 2019: 1116 · 2018: 1178 · 2017: 1113 · 2016: 1106 · 2015: 1057 · 2014: 1172 · 2013: 1044 · 2012: 914
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, reliability coefficients, confidence intervals, multiple raters
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
