The DOI matches its Crossref record; 285 of the 285 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.
Abstract
Do parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child's personality? This article examines the evidence and concludes that the answer is no. A new theory of development is proposed: that socialization is context-specific and that outside-the-home socialization takes place in the peer groups of childhood and adolescence. Intraand intergroup processes, not dyadic relationships, are responsible for the transmission of culture and for environmental modification of children's personality characteristics. The universality of children's groups explains why development is not derailed by the wide variations in parental behavior found within and between societies.
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“Although the family fixed‐effects design rules out many sources of confounding, it is necessary to control for confounding influences that are not shared by twins, such as cognitive and behavioral differences (Beaver, 2008; Harris, 1995; Knopik, Neiderhiser, DeFries, & Plomin, 2017).”
From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Harris, 1995
In the citing paper
“Harris ' (1995) ' group socialization theory ' suggests that children identify with a peer group and adapt their own behavior to fi t in with the behavioral norms of the group, while distinguishing themselves from other groups.”
From Cross-age peer mentoring for youth: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Harris, 1995
In the citing paper
“Social relationships are increasingly important across childhood and adolescence for healthy identity formation and mental well-being [2].”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
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The origins of intelligence in children.
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Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Haidt, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 · Cited by 8,048
The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433
Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0310 · Cited by 2,755
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98 · Cited by 2,517
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Metadata
- Authors
- Harris, J. R.
- Corresponding author
- Harris, Judith Rich
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1995-07
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 458-489
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2026596343
- Cited by
- 1,885
- References
- 285
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 17.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- child development, personality development, peer groups, adolescent peer groups, intergroup processes, cultural transmission, parental influence
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