A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys
Open accessAbstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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It is well documented that depression and anxiety differ by sex in how common and severe they are.
“which is surprising considering the well-established sex differences in the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety (Rose and Rudolph 2006).”
From Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Rose and Rudolph 2006
Quality friendships may be particularly important for adolescent girls because their friendships are characterized by greater levels of intimacy and emotional support.
“This may be particularly important for adolescent girls' because their friendships are characterized by greater levels of intimacy and emotional support (Rose & Rudolph, 2006; Rose, 2002).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Rose & Rudolph, 2006
Fear and anxiety emerge early in development, and as children mature, parents and peers view these emotions as more acceptable for girls than for boys.
“Fear and anxiety emerge early in development (e.g., separation anxiety, stranger anxiety around 8 monthsof-age) and, as children mature, parents and peers view these emotions as more acceptable for girls than boys [35, 39].”
Interpersonal stressors are abundant during this life stage due to puberty, friendships, romantic relationships, and social media.
“Interpersonal stressors occur in great abundance during this life stage (23)—a byproduct of navigating puberty (41), fostering close friendships (42), exploring romantic relationships (43), and increasingly, using social media (44).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Adolescence also is marked by an increase in the frequency and emotional intimacy of dyadic peer experiences, with both best friendships and emerging romantic relationships occupying more of adolescents’ attention and interest (Rose & Rudolph 2006, Steinberg & Morris 2001).”
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Social Media Use Subgroups Differentially Predict Psychosocial Well-Being During Early Adolescence
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- Authors
- Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-131
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC3160171
- OpenAlex
- W1971560413
- Cited by
- 2,517
- References
- 251
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 140 · 2014: 132 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 59711, R01MH059711, R03MH063753, MH 63753-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- sex differences, peer relationships, peer socialization, emotional development, behavioral development, adjustment, stress coping, gender differences in development
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Peer Group, Personality Development, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Social Environment
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