Cited by 1,885Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentCultural Differences and Values

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Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.

Harris, Judith Rich·1995·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458

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Abstract

Do parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child's personality? This article examines the evidence and concludes that the answer is no. A new theory of development is proposed: that socialization is context-specific and that outside-the-home socialization takes place in the peer groups of childhood and adolescence. Intraand intergroup processes, not dyadic relationships, are responsible for the transmission of culture and for environmental modification of children's personality characteristics. The universality of children's groups explains why development is not derailed by the wide variations in parental behavior found within and between societies.

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Authors: Harris, J. R.
Corresponding author: Harris, Judith Rich
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-07
Volume: 102
Issue: 3
Pages: 458-489
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458
OpenAlex: W2026596343
Cited by: 1,885
References: 285
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 115
FWCI: 17.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Keywords: child development, personality development, peer groups, adolescent peer groups, intergroup processes, cultural transmission, parental influence

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Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.

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