Cited by 678Cognitive Abilities and TestingIntergenerational and Educational Inequality StudiesEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

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Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved.

Dickens, William T., Flynn, James R.·2001·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.346

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Abstract

Some argue that the high heritability of IQ renders purely environmental explanations for large IQ differences between groups implausible. Yet, large environmentally induced IQ gains between generations suggest an important role for environment in shaping IQ. The authors present a formal model of the process determining IQ in which people's IQs are affected by both environment and genes, but in which their environments are matched to their IQs. The authors show how such a model allows very large effects for environment, even incorporating the highest estimates of heritability. Besides resolving the paradox, the authors show that the model can account for a number of other phenomena, some of which are anomalous when viewed from the standard perspective.

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Authors: Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R.
Affiliations: Brookings Institution (US)
ORCID: Dickens, William T.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 108
Issue: 2
Pages: 346-369
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.346
OpenAlex: W2048068880
Cited by: 663
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 31.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords: gene-environment interaction
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Psychometrics, Social Environment

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Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved.

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