The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved.
Abstract
Some argue that the high heritability of IQ renders purely environmental explanations for large IQ differences between groups implausible. Yet, large environmentally induced IQ gains between generations suggest an important role for environment in shaping IQ. The authors present a formal model of the process determining IQ in which people's IQs are affected by both environment and genes, but in which their environments are matched to their IQs. The authors show how such a model allows very large effects for environment, even incorporating the highest estimates of heritability. Besides resolving the paradox, the authors show that the model can account for a number of other phenomena, some of which are anomalous when viewed from the standard perspective.
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In the citing paper
“At its core, the g loading of a subtest can be viewed as an index of its cognitive complexity (Flynn, 2013; see also Gottfredson, 2016): a subtest with a higher g-loading is more complex, which means it may be affected to a greater extent not only by biological factors, but also by cultural factors (see especially Dickens & Flynn, 2001;Kan et al., 2013).”
From No negative Flynn effect in France: Why variations of intelligence should not be assessed using tests based on cultural knowledge (2021) · cites this paper as Dickens & Flynn, 2001
In the citing paper
“The interpretation of heritability estimates poses well-known issues and has been criticized elsewhere (e.g.Dickens & Flynn, 2001;Kan et al., 2013).”
From No negative Flynn effect in France: Why variations of intelligence should not be assessed using tests based on cultural knowledge (2021) · cites this paper as Dickens & Flynn, 2001
Citations
Cites
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 4,027
Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.568 · Cited by 2,973
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913
How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects
Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.x · Cited by 2,895
The g factor: the science of mental ability
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2443 · Cited by 2,763
Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America
Buckles, S. G., & Jencks, C. (1973) · The Journal of Economic Education · doi:10.2307/1182840 · Cited by 2,364
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918
Self-citationWhere is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.
Harris, J. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458 · Cited by 1,885
A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization.
Bell, R. Q. (1968) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0025583 · Cited by 1,872
Why are children in the same family so different from one another?
Plomin, R. J., & Daniels, D. (1987) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00055941 · Cited by 1,360
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bronfenbrenner, 1989, Ecological system theory., 185
- Burtless, 1996, Changes in the structure of wages., 53
- Flynn, 1994, IQ gains over time., 617
- Turkheimer, 1997, Spinach and ice cream: Why environmentalist social science is so difficult.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DiPrete, T. A., & Eirich, G. M. (2006) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127 · Cited by 2,069
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.972 · Cited by 1,697
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,412
The health gap: the challenge of an unequal world
Marmot, M. G. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00150-6 · Cited by 1,296
Education and cognitive functioning across the life span
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620920576 · Cited by 1,224
Metadata
- Authors
- Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Brookings Institution (US)
- ORCID
- Dickens, William T.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 346-369
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2048068880
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 31.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- gene-environment interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Psychometrics, Social Environment
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