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Cited by 1,885Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentCultural Differences and Values

Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.

Harris, Judith Rich·1995·Psychological Review
DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458
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Abstract

Do parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child's personality? This article examines the evidence and concludes that the answer is no. A new theory of development is proposed: that socialization is context-specific and that outside-the-home socialization takes place in the peer groups of childhood and adolescence. Intraand intergroup processes, not dyadic relationships, are responsible for the transmission of culture and for environmental modification of children's personality characteristics. The universality of children's groups explains why development is not derailed by the wide variations in parental behavior found within and between societies.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458

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285 of 285 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The family fixed-effects design rules out many sources of confounding, but it is necessary to control for confounding influences not shared by twins, such as cognitive and behavioral differences.

    “Although the family fixed‐effects design rules out many sources of confounding, it is necessary to control for confounding influences that are not shared by twins, such as cognitive and behavioral differences (Beaver, 2008; Harris, 1995; Knopik, Neiderhiser, DeFries, & Plomin, 2017).”

    From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Harris, 1995

  • Children identify with a peer group and adapt their own behavior to fit in with the behavioral norms of the group, while distinguishing themselves from other groups.

    “Harris ' (1995) ' group socialization theory ' suggests that children identify with a peer group and adapt their own behavior to fi t in with the behavioral norms of the group, while distinguishing themselves from other groups.”

    From Cross-age peer mentoring for youth: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Harris, 1995

  • Social relationships are increasingly important across childhood and adolescence for healthy identity formation and mental well-being.

    “Social relationships are increasingly important across childhood and adolescence for healthy identity formation and mental well-being [2].”

    From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors
Harris, J. R.
Corresponding author
Harris, Judith Rich
Venue
Psychological Review
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1995-07
Volume
102
Issue
3
Pages
458-489
ISSN
  • 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1471
DOI
10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458
OpenAlex
W2026596343
Cited by
1,885
References
285
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 115
FWCI
17.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Keywords
child development, personality development, peer groups, adolescent peer groups, intergroup processes, cultural transmission, parental influence

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