The DOI matches its Crossref record; 112 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Abstract
The two-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by Schneider and Shiffrin is tested and extended in a series of experiments. The studies demonstrate the qualitative difference between two modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search. They trace the course of the learning of automatic detection, of categories, and of automaticattention responses. They show the dependence of automatic detection on attending responses and demonstrate how such responses interrupt controlled processing and interfere with the focusing of attention. The learning of categories is shown to improve controlled search performance. A general framework for human information processing is proposed; the framework emphasizes the roles of automatic and controlled processing. The theory is compared to and contrasted with extant models of search and attention.
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In the citing paper
“The transformation of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge involves a transition from controlled processing, which requires a great deal of attention and use of short-term memory, to automatic processing, which operates on automatised procedures stored in long-term memory (Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Research on form-focused instruction in immersion classrooms: implications for theory and practice (2004) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“For example, Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) observed that if a participant was using automatic processes to search for a target in a visual search task, if circumstances such as the definition of a target or the type of stimuli used as distracter variables altered, nearly 1000 trials were required to regain the initial performance level of the participants.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
Citations
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Self-citationEgeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
(2010) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-62209-1 · Cited by 6,035
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Self-citationSome Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears
Cherry, E. C. (1953) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1907229 · Cited by 4,774
Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707
Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 · Cited by 4,121
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An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
A feature-integration theory of attention.
Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 · Cited by 12,366
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094
Metadata
- Authors
- Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-03
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-190
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2156046656
- Cited by
- 7,335
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 299 · 2018: 182 · 2017: 220 · 2016: 224 · 2015: 216 · 2014: 215 · 2013: 183 · 2012: 214
- FWCI
- 29.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- two-process theory, automatic processing, controlled processing, perceptual learning, automatic attention, category learning, interference, information processing model
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