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A triangular theory of love.
Abstract
This article presents a triangular theory of love. According the theory, has three components: (a) intimacy, which encompasses the feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness one experiences in loving relationships; (b) passion, which encompasses the drives that lead romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation; and (c) decision/commitment, which encompasses, in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment maintain that love. The amount of one experiences depends on the absolute strength of these three components, and the kind of one experiences depends on their strengths relative each other. The three components interact with each other and with the actions that they produce and that produce them so as form a number of different kinds of loving experiences. The triangular theory of subsumes certain other theories and can account for a number of empirical findings in the research literature, as well as for a number of experiences with which many are familiar firsthand. It is proposed that the triangular theory provides a rather comprehensive basis for understanding many aspects of the that underlies close relationships. What does it mean to love someone? Does it always mean the same thing, and if not, in what ways do loves differ from each other? Why do certain loves seem last, whereas others disappear almost as quickly as they are formed? This article seeks answer these and other questions through a triangular theory of love. This tripartite theory deals both with the nature of and with loves in various kinds of relationships. The presentation of the theory will be divided into three main parts. In the first part, the main tenets of the theory will be explained and discussed, and the theory will be compared with other theories of love. In the second part, the implications of the theory for close relationships and satisfaction in them will be described. In the third part, the theory will be shown account for many of the empirical phenomena that have been observed with regard love.
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In the citing paper
“Sternberg (1986Sternberg ( , 1988) ) synthesizes previous attempts and defines love according to three constituent components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.”
From Strengthening Customer Loyalty through Intimacy and Passion: Roles of Customer–Firm Affection and Customer–Staff Relationships in Services (2008) · cites this paper as Sternberg 1986
In the citing paper
“Second, Sternberg's (1986) triangular theory of love and its constituent components apply to exemplary services on the transactional-relational continuum.”
From Strengthening Customer Loyalty through Intimacy and Passion: Roles of Customer–Firm Affection and Customer–Staff Relationships in Services (2008) · cites this paper as Sternberg (1986)
In the citing paper
“These three components are believed to be essential in forming and sustaining romantic relationships (Sternberg, 1986;Hatfield et al., 1988;Sternberg, 1997).”
From I love you, my AI companion! Do you? Perspectives from the Triangular Theory of Love and Attachment Theory (2026) · cites this paper as Sternberg, 1986
In the citing paper
“The Triangular Theory of Love has been widely accepted and adopted, due to its robustness and universality, across relationships of different natures (Sternberg, 1986).”
From I love you, my AI companion! Do you? Perspectives from the Triangular Theory of Love and Attachment Theory (2026) · cites this paper as Sternberg, 1986
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“The five love types were based on Hatfield and Walster (1978) and Sternberg (1986b) and comprise of passionate love, companionate love, passion, intimacy, and commitment (see Table 1).”
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“즉, 낭만적 사랑은 단기간, 장기간 관계에 대한 의사결정/몰 입 외의 친밀감과 열정의 두 요소로 특징지어진다고 한 Sternberg(1986, 1997)와 일치한다.”
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“This was to summarize the items into three components of love – intimacy, passion and commitment as proposed in Triangular Love Theory (Sternberg, 1986).”
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“The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ) found in the data from our study was of .76 for the global scale. b) Triangle of Love Scale (TLS; Sternberg, 1986, 1997), Spanish version by Morentin et al. (2006).”
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Self-citationA study of how teachers show love in the classroom
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“If the data were found to be suitable, Varimax and Oblimin Rotation were used to investigate the structure within SMML using Triangular Love Theory (Sternberg, 1986) as a guideline.”
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“In psychology a theory called the “triangular theory f love” (intimacy – passion – commitment) was suggested y Sternberg.9 What all these diverse applications of ternary graphs have n common is that it is sufficient to characterise and quantify he relative (percentage) composition of a ternary mixture. or our applicat…”
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Hua, H., Yang, Y.-C., Kuang, T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.676372 · Cited by 3
“Building intimacy relies on continuously working to bring “warmth” to a relationship (Sternberg, 1986), and it requires gaining knowledge “to truly understand its customers’ needs and preferences” (Akçura and Srinivasan, 2005, p. 1007).”
BackgroundRevision Study of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS-RF)
Akyol, E. Y., & Öztemel, K. (2022) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.12250437 · Cited by 3
Understanding the Experience of Discovering a Kindred Spirit Connection: A Phenomenological Study
Finlay, L., & Eatough, V. (2012) · Phenomenology & Practice · doi:10.29173/pandpr19855 · Cited by 3
Significado Psicológico del Amor Pasional: Lo Claro y lo Obscuro
Aragón, R. S. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 3
Inequity and iniquity in marriage
Baumeister, R. F., Sommer, K. L., & Cicora, K. F. (1996) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02198080 · Cited by 3
“In fact, subjective perceptions may increase the difference: Sternberg (1986) has proposed that many men may be unaware of their emotional dependency on their wives, and so they may falsely believe that they do not need the relationship.”
BackgroundSearching for a Common Core: An Examination of Human Sexuality Textbook References
Hogben, M., Hartlaub, M. G., & Wisely, L. R. (1999) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top2602_14 · Cited by 3
Estrutura fatorial da escala de atitudes frente a relacionamentos afetivos estáveis
Milfont, T. L., Gouveia, V. V., de Jesus, G. R., et al. (2008) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722008000300009 · Cited by 3
The Three Faces of Love: College Students' Perception of the Spouse, Date and Cross-sex Friend
Basu, J., & Ray, R. (2000) · Psychology and Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/097133360001200205 · Cited by 3
Choi, A. W. K. (2012) · Cited by 3
Tapia‐Villanueva, L., Molina, M. E., Carolina Aspillaga, H., Cruzat‐Mandich, C., Pereira, X., Poulsen, G., Sotomayor, P., & Armijo, I. (2014) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1076 · Cited by 3
“Thus theoretical proposals of romantic love show different positions, some showing the inevitable diminishing of love over time (Berscheid & Hatfield, 1969; Sternberg, 1986), while others support mechanisms and functions for the maintenance of romantic love in long-term relationships (Aron & Aron, 1986; Berscheid, 198…”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Russian version of Sternberg's Love scale*
Breslavs, G. M., & Tyumeneva, J. (2008) · Cited by 3
Drive to Marry and Social Prescription in Chinese Online Daters
Lange, R., Houran, J., & Li, S. (2015) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v9i2.179 · Cited by 3
Mexican Validation of a Relational Quality Scale: Using the Aquarela-R Scale
Moctezuma, D., Aragón, R. S., Franco, B. E. R., et al. (2015) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v9i2.180 · Cited by 3
“Estos hallazgos se apoyan en lo señalado por Sternberg (1986) quien menciona que la intimidad se refiere a aquellos sentimientos dentro de una relación que promueven el acercamiento, el vínculo y la conexión, además de que se experimenta cuando uno demuestra suficiente cantidad de estos…”
BackgroundIn-game marriage and computer-mediated collaboration: An exploratory study of Audition
Freeman, G., & Herring, S. C. (2013) · AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research · Cited by 3
Influences of Family of Origin and Relationship Closeness on Romantic Attachment Security
Levesque, A. (2012) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn17.4.145 · Cited by 5
“Thy Kingdom Come, Thy Will Be Done”
Sarkar, A., & Sarkar, J. G. (2017) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3220-0.ch011 · Cited by 4
Olivarez, O., Hardie, R., & Blackburn, K. G. (2018) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x18793976 · Cited by 3
Memory of Love Towards Parents Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Evaluation
Patihis, L., Herrera, M. E., Huff, M. J., & Arnau, R. C. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118809929 · Cited by 5
“In different contexts, it has been used to mean romantic love (Hatfield & Walster, 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Rubin, 1970; Sternberg, 1986, 1987), attachment (e.g., Ainsworth, 1967; Bowlby, Fry, Ainsworth, & World Health Organization, 1965; Harlow, 1958), or an emotion (Fehr & Russell, 1984;…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sternberg, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sternberg, Robert J.
- ORCID
- Sternberg, Robert J.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1986-04
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-135
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2034890640
- Cited by
- 2,614
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 204 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 149 · 2020: 156 · 2019: 167 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 16.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- triangular theory of love, intimacy, passion, commitment, close relationships, romantic love, relationship satisfaction, theory of love
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