The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Word shape's in poor shape for the race to the lexicon
Abstract
Current models of fluent reading often assume that fast and automatic word recognition involves the use of a supraletter feature corresponding to the envelope or shape of the word when it is printed in lowercase. The advantages of mixed case over pure case and of pure lowercase over pure uppercase have often been taken as evidence favoring the word-shape hypothesis. Alternative explanations for these phenomena are offered. Experiment 1 shows that previous demonstrations of word-shape effects during proofreading are better described as individual letter effects. Experiments 2-4 explore the possibility that word shape facilitates lexical access through uncertainty reduction. In all three experiments performance on words with rare shapes is compared to those with common shapes. There were no effects of shape frequency in either tachistoscopic recognition or lexical-decision tasks. This was true regardless of the degree to which the visual shape cue was supplemented by the nonvisual factors of familiarity and expectancy. Possible reasons why fluent readers ignore word shape are discussed within the framework of a model that assumes that automatic word recognition is mediated by the activation of abstract letter identities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We are able to recognize words across considerable changes in font , CASE, location , and size.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Paap et al., 1984
Citations
Cites
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,532
The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading
Rayner, K. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5 · Cited by 1,119
Frequency and repetition effects in lexical memory.
Scarborough, D. L., Cortese, C., & Scarborough, H. S. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.1.1 · Cited by 913
Wheeler, D. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90005-8 · Cited by 746
An activation–verification model for letter and word recognition: The word-superiority effect.
Paap, K. R., Newsome, S. L., McDonald, J. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573 · Cited by 551
Self-citationIntegrating information across eye movements
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90009-2 · Cited by 484
Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading?
McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1979) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03202990 · Cited by 360
Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading.
Coltheart, M. (1981) · Visible Language · Cited by 319
Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords.
McClelland, J. L. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.2.1.80 · Cited by 308
THE TIME TAKEN UP BY CEREBRAL OPERATIONS
CATTELL, J. M. (1886) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/os-xi.42.220 · Cited by 264
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049 · Cited by 776
Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction
Grainger, J. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960701578013 · Cited by 263
Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere.
Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.3.492 · Cited by 324
Distinct unimodal and multimodal regions for word processing in the left temporal cortex
Cohen, L., Jobert, A., Bihan, D. L., & Dehaene, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.052 · Cited by 266
Specific visual transfer in word identification.
Jacoby, L. L., & Hayman, C. A. G. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.456 · Cited by 204
Metadata
- Authors
- Paap, K. R., Newsome, S. L., & Noel, R. W.
- Affiliations
- New Mexico State University (US)
- ORCID
- Paap, Kenneth R.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1984
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 413-428
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W2033383733
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- word shape, word recognition, lexical access, mixed cases, lowercase letters, uncertainty reduction, letter identity, familiarity, expectancy, proofreading, tachistoscopic recognition, lexical decision, automatic reading
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Decision Making, Eye Movements, Form Perception, Fovea Centralis, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Reading, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
