Cited by 416Cancer survivorship and careChildhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of LifeWomen's cancer prevention and management

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Predicting posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors

Bellizzi, Keith M., Blank, Thomas O.·2006·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.47

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Abstract

Wide variability exists with respect to how breast cancer survivors respond to common psychological and psychosocial challenges of their disease, ranging from posttraumatic stress disorder to posttraumatic growth. This cross-sectional study examined contextual, disease-related, and intraindividual predictors of posttraumatic growth in 224 randomly selected breast cancer survivors. A series of hierarchical regression analyses found that age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, education, perceived intensity of disease, and active coping accounted for 34%, 35%, and 28% of the variance in growth in relationships with others, new possibilities, and appreciation for life. These findings suggest that a more comprehensive model of growth will be helpful in understanding the various factors that play a role in breast cancer survivors' perception of psychological and psychosocial growth.

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Family relationships and post-traumatic growth in breast cancer patients.
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“Bellizzi and Blank ( 2006 ) also underscored variability in distress that ranges from PTSD to posttraumatic growth.”
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“Di Giacomo et al. (2016) reported the chance of growth experiences during illness transforming negative emotions and modifying life’s priorities (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
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“PTG has been studied on a variety of populations in the context of many types of events, including cancer survivors (Bellizzi & Blank 2006), bereaved parents (Engelkemeyer & Marwit, 2008), former prisoners of war (Solomon & Dekel, 2007), and childhood abuse survivors (Woodward & Joseph, 2003).”
Background
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundResult
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ResultSelf-citation
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“For example, some found that higher income (Andrykowski et al., 2013; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001) and lower education (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006) are associated with more PTG in breast cancer survivors, whereas others found no significant correlation between education and…”
Background
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Method
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Background
Predictors of post‐traumatic psychological growth in the late years after lung transplantation
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“…discussed in the case of illnessrelated trauma: authors observed positive (Sears et al. 2003), negative (Gunst et al. 2016) or lack of relationship (Bellizzi and Blank 2006) between time since disease diagnosis and PTG. Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996, 2004) mentioned that PTG is not a static outcome…”
Background
Associations of positive and negative life changes with well-being in young and middle-aged adult cancer survivors
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“Approximately 50 packets were undeliverable or the intended recipient was deceased, leaving us with a return rate of approximately 42%, comparable to other studies using cancer registries for recruitment (e.g. Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citation
Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes Following Adversity - An Overview
Malhotra, M., & Chebiyan, S. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · Cited by 29
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“…with physical disabilities often experience negative social and psychological problems, such as depression, adjustment difficulties, anxiety, fear, and disrupted social relationships as well as functional limitations (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Bostock, Sheikh, & Barton, 2009; Moreno, 2007).”
Background
COVID-19 pandemic-related posttraumatic growth in a small cohort of university students: A 1-year longitudinal study
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Women's Health Psychology
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“Age, however, is the most controversial; previous studies reporting higher PTG levels in younger survivors suggested that experiencing diagnosis and treatment of a life-threatening disease at such an early age leads to integrative thinking about the purpose of life, leading to higher PTG levels [10,16,21].”
Result
Emociones positivas y crecimiento postraumático en el cáncer de mama
Castilla, C. Y., & Vázquez, C. (2007) · Complutensian Scientific Journals (Complutense University of Madrid) · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2007.v4.n2.16483 · Cited by 29
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“Notably, PTG has been documented following a variety of traumatic events (Butler et al., 2005), chronic illnesses (Katz et al., 2001), and life-threatening conditions (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Sears et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effectiveness of Group Intervention on Enhancing Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Breast Cancer Patients
Hamama‐Raz, Y., Pat‐Horenczyk, R., Perry, S., Ziv, Y., Bar-Levav, R., & Stemmer, S. M. (2015) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735415607318 · Cited by 27
Roles of positive psychological outcomes in future health perception and mental health problems: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Weinstein, A. G., Henrich, C. C., Armstrong, G. T., Stratton, K. L., King, T. Z., Leisenring, W. M., & Krull, K. R. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4881 · Cited by 27
Posttraumatic growth in Iranian cancer patients
Rahmani, A., Mohammadian, R., Ferguson, C., Gholizadeh, L., Zirak, M., & Chavoshi, H. (2012) · Indian Journal of Cancer · doi:10.4103/0019-509x.104489 · Cited by 27
The Role of Psychological Hardiness and Marital Satisfaction in Predicting Posttraumatic Growth in a Sample of Women With Breast Cancer in Isfahan
Aflakseir, A., Nowroozi, S., Mollazadeh, J., & Goodarzi, M. A. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.17795/ijcp-4080 · Cited by 34
“Totally, studies investigating breast cancer have reported that patients experienced positive growth from their cancer experience (23, 24).”
Background
Factors Influencing Posttraumatic Growth in Survivors of Breast Cancer
Park, J., Jung, Y. S., & Jung, Y.-M. (2016) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.454 · Cited by 27
Benefit finding in long-term prostate cancer survivors
Lassmann, I., Dinkel, A., Marten‐Mittag, B., Jahnen, M., Schulwitz, H. S., Gschwend, J. E., & Herkommer, K. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05971-3 · Cited by 26
The Comparison of Health Promotion Behavior, Post Traumatic Growth and Quality of Life according to Stages of Survivorship in Patients with Female Genital Neoplasm
Lee, E. S., & Park, J. S. (2013) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2013.25.3.312 · Cited by 25
“암 생존자의 외상 후 성장은 여러 연구를 통 해 입증되었지만(Bellizzi & Blank, 2006), 부인암 환자의 외 상 후 성장에 대한 연구는 찾아보기 어려웠다.”
Explaining inconsistent results in cancer quality of life studies: the role of the stress–response system
van de Wiel, H. B. M., Geerts, E., & Hoekstra-weebers, J. E. H. M. (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1214 · Cited by 26
“[21,22], argue that avoidant coping styles constrain patients from taking an active approach to making adjustments and to treatment that bolsters recovery and adaptation (see also [23]).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress Coping and Changes in Health Behavior Among Cancer Survivors: A Report from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-II (SCS-II)
Parelkar, P., Thompson, N. J., Kaw, C., Miner, K. R., & Stein, K. (2013) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2012.761322 · Cited by 30
“…consistent with recent studies indicating that cancer-related distress motivates cancer survivors to make adaptive/positive health behavior changes (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Blanchard et al., 2003; Demark-Wahnefried, Peterson, McBride, Lipkus, & Clipp, 2000; DemarkWahnefried et al., 2005; Mullens…”
Result
Attachment style, social support and finding meaning among spouses of colorectal cancer patients: Gender differences
Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Goldzweig, G., Sela-Oren, T., Pizem, N., Bar‐Sela, G., & Wolf, I. (2013) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951513000242 · Cited by 27
“E-mails: ilanit.hasson-ohayon@biu.ac.il; ilanithasson@gmail.com 527 as post-traumatic growth, finding benefits, hope and meaning for both patients and spouses (McClement & Chochinov, 2008; Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Kim et al., 2007).”
Background
Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: Are depressive symptoms really negative predictors?
Romeo, A., Tella, M. D., Ghiggia, A., Tesio, V., Torta, R., & Castelli, L. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000508 · Cited by 28
“Previous studies found, in fact, that younger age was related to perceived growth in women with BC in all domains (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006; Mystakidou et al., 2008).”
What Makes You Stronger
Pudrovska, T. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510378239 · Cited by 26
Prevalence of early and late onset of chronic diseases and multimorbidity and its association with physical, mental and functional health among older Indian adults
Ahmed, W., Muhammad, T., & Muneera, K. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04264-8 · Cited by 25
“Although the majority of long-term cancer survivors successfully adjust to life after cancer and may even have positive psychological effects from dealing with their cancer [19–21].”
Background
Status and factors related to posttraumatic growth in patients with lung cancer
Peng, X., Su, Y., Huang, W., & Hu, X. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014314 · Cited by 25
“The results related to coping and PTG in this study were consistent with those in other studies.([16,36,37]) Active coping (e.”
Result
The role of repetitive thinking and spirituality in the development of posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder
Eames, C., & O’Connor, D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272036 · Cited by 37
Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Growth among the Spouses of Myocardial Infarction Patients
Şenol-Durak, E., & Ayvaşik, H. B. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309342472 · Cited by 24
Associations Between Time Since Event and Posttraumatic Growth Among Military Veterans
Morgan, J. K., & Desmarais, S. L. (2017) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000170 · Cited by 26
“Two recent studies of breast cancer similarly failed to show associations between time since event and PTG (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Brunet, McDonough, Hadd, Crocker, & Sabiston, 2010).”
Background
Posttraumatic growth after cancer
Chung, M. C. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198727323.003.0005 · Cited by 24
Cumulative Adversity as a Correlate of Posttraumatic Growth: The Effects of Multiple Traumas, Discrimination, and Sexual Harassment
Jirek, S. L., & Saunders, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1420720 · Cited by 25
“Higher levels of posttraumatic growth have also been reported among individuals with the personality traits of optimism (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Shand et al., 2015; Taku & Cann, 2014) and extraversion (Sheikh, 2004; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), persons receiving greater social support (McMillen,…”
Background
Post-traumatic growth, distress and attachment style among women with breast cancer
Romeo, A., Ghiggia, A., Tesio, V., Tella, M. D., Torta, R., & Castelli, L. (2017) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2017.1289291 · Cited by 21
“One recent study conducted on 1227 patients with breast cancer (Mu-Lan Wang et al., 2014) identified different factors that could influence PTG. Specifically, the authors found that PTG was positively associated with education level; with regard to work status, that retirees had the highest PTG;…”
Observations of benefit finding in head and neck cancer patients
Cavell, S., Broadbent, E., Donkin, L., Gear, K., & Morton, R. P. (2015) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-015-3527-7 · Cited by 22
Predictors of psychological outcomes in a longitudinal study of Latina breast cancer survivors
Yanez, B. R., Gibbons, M. M., Moreno, P. I., Jorge, A., & Stanton, A. L. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1208821 · Cited by 22
“…stress and low perceived social status have been related to poorer self-reported health and poorer psychological functioning in the cancer context (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Stanton, Revenson, & Tennen, 2007; Wittenberg et al., 2010; Wolff, Subramanian, AcevedoGarcia, Weber, & Kawachi, 2010),…”
Background
Positive Psychological Change Following a Cancer Diagnosis in Old Age
Hoogland, A. I., Jim, H., Schoenberg, N. E., Watkins, J. F., & Rowles, G. D. (2019) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000766 · Cited by 21
CRECIMIENTO POSTRAUMÁTICO EN PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS
Costa‐Requena, G., & Gil, F. (2007) · Análisis y Modificación de Conducta · doi:10.33776/amc.v33i148.1215 · Cited by 20
Perceived posttraumatic growth in cardiac patients: A systematic scoping review
Lee, S. Y., Park, C. L., & Laflash, S. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22799 · Cited by 21
Meaning of life after cancer: An existential-phenomenological approach to female cancer survival
Laranjeira, C., de Leão, P. P., & Leal, I. M. P. (2013) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.05.015 · Cited by 19
Stress Related Growth Among Diabetic Outpatients: Role of Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Cognitive Processing
Şenol-Durak, E. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0435-3 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, the effects of other illness related variables such as course of event; (Bellizzi and Blank 2006), perceived threat and Table 3 Tested structural equation models and multi-group comparison results”
Background
The suspended self: Liminality in breast cancer narratives and implications for counselling
Koutri, I., & Avdi, E. (2016) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v5i1.92 · Cited by 19
“This process has also been studied through the concepts of benefit finding and post-traumatic growth (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Bellizzi et al., 2010; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001; Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; Lelorain, Bonnaud-Antignac, & Florin, 2010).”
Method
Personality and Post-traumatic Growth of Adolescents 42 Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake: A Mediated Model
An, Y., Ding, X., & Fu, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02152 · Cited by 22
“Positive coping has a high positive correlation with multiple dimensions of PTG and could significantly predict growth (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006).”
Background
Cancer Patients’ and Partners’ Psychological Distress and Quality of Life: Influence of Gender Role
Pikler, V. I., & Brown, C. (2010) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347330903438917 · Cited by 18
“Belizzi and Blank (2006) indicated that breast cancer survivors reported positive changes in their relationships with others, enhanced appreciation for life, and that their purpose or priorities in life changed as a result of their cancer experience.”
Background
The prevalence and implications of elderly inpatients' desire for a formal psychological help at the start of cancer treatment
Dubruille, S., Libert, Y., Merckaert, I., Reynaert, C., Vandenbossche, S., Roos, M., Bron, D., & Razavi, D. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3636 · Cited by 20
“It has also been reported that untreated distress can lead to long-term detrimental consequences with respect to compliance with treatment [5], quality of life [6], suicide risk [7], desire for hastened death [8] and survival [9].”
Background
Long‐term uveal melanoma survivors: measuring their quality of life
Frenkel, S., Rosenne, H., Briscoe, D., Hendler, K., Bereket, R., Molcho, M., & Pe’er, J. (2018) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13655 · Cited by 18
“Age at diagnosis, marital status, employment and education was found to be among the most significant variables in the perception of personal growth of breast cancer survivors (Bellizzi & Blank 2006).”
Background
The Mediating Role Of Coping Styles In Personal, Environmental and Event Related Factors and Posttraumatic Growth Relationships Among Women With Breast Cancer (English)
Bellur, Z., Aydın, A., & Alpay, E. H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2018.65365 · Cited by 20
Optimism and Prostate Cancer-Specific Expectations Predict Better Quality of Life after Robotic Prostatectomy
Thornton, A. A., Perez, M. A., Oh, S., & Crocitto, L. E. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9270-3 · Cited by 18
“In addition, very little is known about the psychological processes that may predict quality of life in this large and growing population of cancer survivors (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Penedo et al., 2003).”
Background
A Meta-Analysis on Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Related Variables
Jang, H., & Kim, J. (2017) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.18.5.201710.85 · Cited by 18
Investigation of grief and posttraumatic growth related to patient loss in pediatric intensive care nurses: a cross-sectional study
Turgut, M., & Yıldız, H. (2023) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-023-01316-z · Cited by 19
“Bellizzi & Blank (2006) assert that individuals with lesser education may have more areas in which to improve [48].”
Background

Authors: Bellizzi, K. M., & Blank, T. O.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
ORCID: Bellizzi, Keith M.
Blank, Thomas O.
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-56
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.47
OpenAlex: W2069738126
Cited by: 416
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 11.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
Keywords: posttraumatic growth, breast cancer survivors, predictors of growth, age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, active coping, psychosocial adjustment, post-traumatic stress disorder
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms, Connecticut, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Survivors

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Predicting posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors

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