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Predicting posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors
Abstract
Wide variability exists with respect to how breast cancer survivors respond to common psychological and psychosocial challenges of their disease, ranging from posttraumatic stress disorder to posttraumatic growth. This cross-sectional study examined contextual, disease-related, and intraindividual predictors of posttraumatic growth in 224 randomly selected breast cancer survivors. A series of hierarchical regression analyses found that age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, education, perceived intensity of disease, and active coping accounted for 34%, 35%, and 28% of the variance in growth in relationships with others, new possibilities, and appreciation for life. These findings suggest that a more comprehensive model of growth will be helpful in understanding the various factors that play a role in breast cancer survivors' perception of psychological and psychosocial growth.
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“Active coping predicts important factors related to social relationships and the relationships with others [48], and support seeking [61].”
From The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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Physical and psychological long-term and late effects of cancer
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Posttraumatic growth in cancer: Reality or illusion?
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Type of social support matters for prediction of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors
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Lelorain, S., Bonnaud‐Antignac, A., & Florin, A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9183-6 · Cited by 247
“consistently documented ( Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001; Ganz, Rowland, Desmond, Meyerowitz, & Wyatt 1998; Sears et al., 2003; Tomich & Helgeson, 2004; Weiss, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining posttraumatic growth among Japanese university students
Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Gil‐Rivas, V., Kilmer, R. P., & Cann, A. (2007) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701295007 · Cited by 244
Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis
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“Patients with cancer or HIV/AIDS often report feeling burdened with the pressure to stay positive and encouraging the identification of positive changes from their illness may be potentially offensive to patients, serve to minimise their experience and lead them to suppress reports of distress (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006;…”
BackgroundPsychological Distress in Long-term Survivors of Adult-Onset Cancer: Results From a National Survey
Hoffman, K. E., McCarthy, E. P., Recklitis, C. J., & Ng, A. K. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.179 · Cited by 229
Well-being, posttraumatic growth and benefit finding in long-term breast cancer survivors
Mols, F., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Coebergh, J. W. W., & van de Poll-Franse, L. V. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701671362 · Cited by 228
“Although health care professionals should be familiar with the concepts posttraumatic growth and benefit finding, imposing an expectation of psychological growth could potentially be harmful to patients (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer
Danhauer, S. C., Case, L. D., Tedeschi, R. G., Russell, G. B., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., Ip, E. H., & Avis, N. E. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3298 · Cited by 247
“Disease and treatment-related variables have been minimally related to PTG in women with breast cancer [11].”
BackgroundCorrelates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence
Cobb, A. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20171 · Cited by 221
“The available evidence suggests that posttraumatic growth has more than one component (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) and other variables may covary differently with these separate domains of posttraumatic growth (e.g., Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Janoff-Bulman, & Yopyk, 2004).”
BackgroundKoutrouli, N., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Potamianos, G. (2012) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2012.679337 · Cited by 179
“…younger patients experienced more growth (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Bellizzi et al., 2009; Manne et al., 2004), as did patients with less education (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Weiss, 2004), higher incomes (Cordova et al., 2001), and minorities (e.g., African Americans or Hispanics; Bellizzi et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMcDonough, M. H., Sabiston, C. M., & Wrosch, C. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3380 · Cited by 159
“This association may occur because cancer is a greater threat to one’s expectations for life and identity earlier in life [16,18,29].”
BackgroundSchmidt, S. D., Blank, T., Bellizzi, K. M., & Park, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105311429203 · Cited by 165
Self-citationMeneses, K., McNees, P., Loerzel, V. W., Su, X., Zhang, Y., & Hassey, L. A. (2007) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/07.onf.1007-1016 · Cited by 147
“…Ronis, & Trask, 2005; Courneya, Blanchard, & Laing, 2001; Knobf, 2002; Loerzel, Dow, & McNees, 2006; Mock et al., 2005); psychological well-being (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Lewis et al., 2001); social, family, and work relationships (Bednarek & Bradley, 2005; Kinney, Rodgers, Nash, & Bray, 2003;…”
Bellizzi, K. M., Smith, A. W., Reeve, B. B., Alfano, C. M., Bernstein, L., Meeske, K., Baumgartner, K. B., & Ballard-Barbash, R. R. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309356364 · Cited by 159
“…variety of life domains (relationships, purpose in life, spirituality) following a diagnosis of breast cancer (Antoni et al., 2001; Bellizzi, 2004; Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001; Fromm, Andrykowski, & Hunt, 1996; Sears, Stanton, & Danoff-Burg, 2003;…”
InfluentialSelf-citationShared and unique predictors of post‐traumatic growth and distress
Dekel, S., Mandl, C., & Solomon, Z. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20747 · Cited by 156
“For example, the use of active coping strategies after the trauma (e.g., Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Evers et al., 2001) and the perception of controllability (e.g., Park, Cohen, & Murch, 1996; Tennen, Affleck, Urrows, Higgins, & Mendola, 1992) predicted PTG, in contrast to failure to cope (e.g., van…”
BackgroundResultPsychological distress among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer
Mertz, B. G., Bidstrup, P. E., Johansen, C., Dalton, S. O., Deltour, I., Kehlet, H., & Kroman, N. T. (2011) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2011.10.001 · Cited by 131
“Being married or cohabiting has been shown to have a positive influence on distress level in several studies (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Hoffman et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPosttraumatic growth in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., Morgan, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.021 · Cited by 132
The Factor Structure of the Brief Cope: A Systematic Review
Solberg, M. A., Gridley, M. K., & Peters, R. M. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211012044 · Cited by 129
The Experience of Posttraumatic Growth for People With Spinal Cord Injury
Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308318028 · Cited by 128
“Thematic analysis enables researchers to “increase their accuracy or sensitivity in understanding and interpreting observations and interviews about people, events, and situations” (Boyatzis, 1998, p. 5). The five steps of data analysis were developed and used on the basis of guidelines by Boyatzis (1998) and Strauss…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCole, B. S., Hopkins, C. M., Tisak, J., Steel, J. L., & Carr, B. I. (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1207 · Cited by 127
Brunet, J., McDonough, M. H., Hadd, V., Crocker, P. R. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1640 · Cited by 131
“Diseaserelated characteristics, such as the perceived intensity of the disease [12], and time since event [12,15,16,29] have also been significantly related to PTG.”
BackgroundResultA gerontologic perspective on cancer and aging
Blank, T., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2008) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.23444 · Cited by 129
Self-citationDanhauer, S. C., Russell, G. B., Tedeschi, R. G., Jesse, M. T., Vishnevsky, T., Daley, K., Carroll, S., Triplett, K. N., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9304-5 · Cited by 140
Zwahlen, D., Hagenbuch, N., Carley, M. I., Jenewein, J., & Büchi, S. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1486 · Cited by 128
“The emotional impact of the cancer experience is said to influence PTG [5].”
BackgroundCoping processes relevant to posttraumatic growth: an evidence-based review
Rajandram, R. K., Jenewein, J., McGrath, C. P. J., & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1105-0 · Cited by 135
“Positive coping processes Positive coping has been detected to be consistently linked to effective development of PTG [12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 30].”
BackgroundMichel, G., Taylor, N. F., Absolom, K. L., & Eiser, C. (2009) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01034.x · Cited by 119
“Benefit finding has been associated with greater subjective experience of trauma, as measured by perceived illness severity (Bellizzi & Blank 2006).”
Well-being after trauma: A review of posttraumatic growth among refugees.
Chan, K. J., Young, M. Y., & Sharif, N. (2016) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000065 · Cited by 139
Variables related to posttraumatic growth in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Dirik, G., & Karanci, A. N. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9115-x · Cited by 114
“This finding was in line with previous studies which reported that problem focused coping strategies were associated with increased PTG ( Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Karanci & Erkam, 2007; Kesimci et al., 2005; Widows et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPosttraumatic Growth as Experienced by Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Families
Duran, B. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454213487433 · Cited by 118
“…combat, motor vehicle accidents, house fires, floods, terminal illness, heart attacks, chronic illness, divorce, sexual assault, and job loss (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001; Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; Manne et al., 2004; Mosher,…”
The Chronology of Distress, Anxiety, and Depression in Older Prostate Cancer Patients
Nelson, C. J., Weinberger, M. I., Balk, E., Holland, J. C., BREITBART, W. S., & Roth, A. J. L. (2009) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0059 · Cited by 106
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Schroevers, M. J., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1718 · Cited by 120
Hope and athlete burnout: Stress and affect as mediators
Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Podlog, L. W., Lundqvist, C., & Wagnsson, S. (2013) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.008 · Cited by 112
Posttraumatic Growth and Optimism in Health-Related Trauma: A Systematic Review
Bostock, L., Sheikh, A. I., & Barton, S. B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9175-6 · Cited by 116
“Four studies found no evidence of an association between PTG and optimism ( Belizzi & Blank, 2006; Feigel, 2003; Lebel, 2005; Tomich & Helgeson, 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPositive and Negative Health Behavior Changes in Cancer Survivors
Park, C. L., Edmondson, D. E., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308095978 · Cited by 110
Self-citationRichardson, A. M., Addington-Hall, J. M., Amir, Z., Foster, C. L., Stark, D., Armes, J., Brearley, S. G., Hodges, L., Hook, J., Jarrett, N., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.425 · Cited by 98
Rowland, J. H., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2008) · Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2008.01.008 · Cited by 98
Self-citationPositive and negative life changes experienced by survivors of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Bellizzi, K. M., Miller, M. F., Arora, N., & Rowland, J. H. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02872673 · Cited by 98
“Our results indicate that perceptions of positive and negative life changes were common in our sample of NHL survivors, consistent with previous reports of life change in cancer survivors (7,9, 17 ,28).”
ResultSelf-citationPost-traumatic growth in women after childbirth
Sawyer, A., & Ayers, S. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701864520 · Cited by 110
“Growth has been reported following a range of health-related events including breast cancer (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001), heart disease (Sheikh, 2004), HIV infection (Updegraff, Taylor, Kemeny, & Wyatt, 2002), and brain injury (McGrath & Linley, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Systematic Review of Studies Using the Brief COPE: Religious Coping in Factor Analyses
Krägeloh, C. U. (2011) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel2030216 · Cited by 104
“: Aitken and Crawford [52] Project managers 71 Principal components analysis with varimax rotation None 2 The sub-scales instrumental support and self-blame loaded onto both factors Bean et al. [53] Patients with heart failure 100 Principal components analysis with varimax rotation None 2 Bellizzi and Blank [54] Breas…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIzydorczyk, B., Kwapniewska, A., Lizińczyk, S., & Sitnik‐Warchulska, K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061181 · Cited by 107
The Role of Leisure in the Experience of Posttraumatic Growth for People with Spinal Cord Injury
Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2010) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2010.11950211 · Cited by 96
“…experience of personal growth following traumatic events has been reported in various types of chronic and life-threatening illness, such as cancer (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006), HIV/AIDS (Cadell, Regehr, & Hemsworth, 2003), heart disease (Sheikh, 2004), and pediatric leukemia (Best, Streisand,…”
BackgroundGall, T. L., Charbonneau, C., & Florack, P. (2011) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903411013 · Cited by 90
“Although several studies have reported on the presence of post-traumatic growth in the face of stressful events such as cancer, this field of study remains largely in its infancy (Bellizi & Blank, 2006 ; Linley & Joseph, 2003 ).”
BackgroundSelf-Compassion Promotes Personal Improvement From Regret Experiences via Acceptance
Zhang, J. W., & Chen, S. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215623271 · Cited by 94
“For instance, female breast cancer survivors who were higher in active coping also scored higher on dimensions associated with growth following trauma or adversity—specifically, perception of new possibilities and appreciation for life due to one’s struggle (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
BackgroundTurner-Sack, A. M., Menna, R., & Setchell, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454212439472 · Cited by 101
“This fits with Bitsko’s (2005) conclusion that these 2 variables were unrelated to posttraumatic growth in young cancer survivors.”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonal growth and psychological distress in advanced breast cancer
Mystakidou, K., Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Kyriakopoulos, D., Malamos, N., & Damigos, D. (2008) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2008.01.006 · Cited by 86
Parikh, D. R., Ieso, P. B. D., Garvey, G., Thachil, T., Ramamoorthi, R., Penniment, M. G., & Jayaraj, R. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.641 · Cited by 92
“As a consequence, further targeted research should be strongly considered in this area (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006; Arpawong et al., 2013; Arving et al., 2013; ).”
BackgroundPsychosocial Factors Related to Posttraumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review
Kolokotroni, P., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Tsikkinis, A. (2014) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2014.899543 · Cited by 93
Wang, M.-L., Liu, J.-E., Wang, H.-Y., Chen, J., & Li, Y.-Y. (2014) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2014.04.012 · Cited by 77
“Studies also reported that younger (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006; Cordova et al., 2007; Koutrouli et al., 2012; Manne et al., 2004; Mystakidou et al., 2008), married (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006), employed (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006) or religious (Ho et al.”
BackgroundLong‐term quality of life among Dutch prostate cancer survivors
Mols, F., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Hendrikx, A. J. M., Aaronson, N. K., Houterman, S., Coebergh, J. W. W., & Essink‐Bot, M. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22231 · Cited by 84
“01 Primary treatment Radical prostatectomy 257 (33) 35 (19) 39 (30) Radiotherapy 323 (41) 65 (35) 40 (31) Hormone therapy 107 (14) 30 (16) 23 (18) Watchful waiting 93 (12) 45 (24) 20 (16) Unknown 0 (0) 9 (5) 6 (5) <.”
Durosini, I., Triberti, S., Savioni, L., Sebri, V., & Pravettoni, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912704 · Cited by 80
“, 2006 [48] Cross sectional study 224 breast cancer survivors To examine contextual, disease-related, and intraindividual predictors of posttraumatic growth Age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, education, perceived intensity of disease, and active coping accounted for 34%, 35%, and 28% of the variance in grow…”
BackgroundInfluentialCoping Strategies Used by Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Survivors
Lashbrook, M., Valery, P. C., Knott, V. E., Kirshbaum, M. N., & Bernardes, C. M. (2017) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000528 · Cited by 88
“In the breast cancer studies, coping was measured using the Brief COPE Scale.24,25 In the study, this scale presented reliabilities with 11 of the 14 subscales (!”
BackgroundMethodDefense mechanisms in cancer patients: a systematic review
Di Giuseppe, M., Ciacchini, R., Micheloni, T., Bertolucci, I., Marchi, L., & Conversano, C. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.016 · Cited by 76
Ramos, C., Costa, P. A., Rudnicki, T., Marôco, A. L., Leal, I. M. P., Guimarães, R., Fougo, J. L., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4501 · Cited by 87
“In addition, PTG has been consistently documented within 5 years of a breast cancer diagnosis.(3,6,7) In fact, it is the seismic nature and perceived stressfulness of the event that threat the individual0s core belief system, which in turn sets in motion the restructuring of one0s life.”
BackgroundPakenham, K. I., & Cox, S. D. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701832592 · Cited by 82
“This proposal is supported by evidence indicating that stress and coping predictors are differentially related to benefit finding dimensions in cancer patients (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
BackgroundPosttraumatic growth among people living with HIV: A systematic review
Rzeszutek, M., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.09.006 · Cited by 86
Spirituality, Distress and Posttraumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Patients
Paredes, A. C., & Pereira, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0452-7 · Cited by 80
Posttraumatic Growth Among Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Amputees
Benetato, B. B. (2011) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01421.x · Cited by 84
Posttraumatic Growth Outcomes and Their Correlates Among Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Yi, J., Zebrack, B., Kim, M. A., & Cousino, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv075 · Cited by 79
“Similarly, PTG was correlated with age in adults with breast cancer (Bellizzi & Blank, 2004; Manne et al., 2004), various cancers (Lechner et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2015), adult transplant survivors (Tallman, Shaw, Schultz, & Altmaier, 2010; Widows, Jacobsen, Booth-Jones, & Fields, 2005), and…”
BackgroundCao, W., Qi, X., Cai, D. A., & Han, X. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4395 · Cited by 75
“In a study investigating PTG in breast cancer survivors, adaptive coping significantly predicted PTG in relationships, PTG in new possibilities, and PTG in appreciation of life.(12) Other studies found positive relationships between some coping strategies and PTG.”
Stress, Coping, and Circadian Disruption Among Women Awaiting Breast Cancer Surgery
Dedert, E. A., Cash, E. D., Chagpar, A. B., Dhabhar, F. S., Segerstrom, S. C., Spiegel, D., Dayyat, E. A., Daup, M., McMasters, K. M., & Sephton, S. E. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9352-y · Cited by 70
“We measured avoidant coping by summing the “denial,” “self-distraction,” and ‘behavioral disengagement’ subscales of the Brief COPE [28].”
MethodPsycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy for Women with Primary Breast Cancer
Garlick, M., Wall, K., Corwin, D., & Koopman, C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9224-9 · Cited by 69
“The study used the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and found that breast cancer patients experienced a wide range of benefits including an increased appreciation for life, openness to new possibilities, and stronger interpersonal relationships (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPosttraumatic growth and cancer: a study 5 years after treatment end
Cormio, C., Muzzatti, B., Romito, F., Mattioli, V., & Annunziata, M. A. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3496-4 · Cited by 77
“This result is in line with those reported by Bellizzi and Blank, namely, that the survivors employed full- or part-time showed higher levels of PTG [39].”
ResultJirek, S. L. (2017) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325016656046 · Cited by 68
“…been linked with higher levels of PTG, including receiving greater social support (Schulz and Mohamed, 2004), having the personality traits of optimism (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006) and extraversion (Tedeschi and Calhoun, 1996), and experiencing moderate levels of cumulative adversity (Jirek, 2011).”
BackgroundWeaver, K. E., Llabre, M. M., Lechner, S. C., Penedo, F. J., & Antoni, M. H. (2008) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-008-9348-z · Cited by 70
“SES may be related to some measures or dimensions of BF but not others [9, 28].”
BackgroundExploring posttraumatic growth in Japanese youth.
Taku, K., Kilmer, R. P., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0024363 · Cited by 78
“…Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy © 2011 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. 4, No. 4, 411–419 1942-9681/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0024363 411 Bellizzi & Blank, 2006), among child and adolescent samples, results on the impact of severity on PTG have been mixed.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrowth Following Trauma: Overview and Current Status
Cho, D., & Park, C. L. (2013) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082013000100007 · Cited by 72
“With regard to optimism/hope, one study of cancer survivors found greater optimism was associated with higher reported growth (Dunn et al., 2011) whereas hope and optimism were not associated with reported growth in a study of breast cancer survivors (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006).”
BackgroundResultMesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2019) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2019.1580254 · Cited by 65
“These results are consistent with previous research (Gerber et al., 2011; Trevino et al., 2012); active coping strategies (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Wild & Paivio, 2004; Wolchik, Coxe, Tein, Sandler, & Ayers, 2009) and perceived social support (Hall et al., 2010) are significant predictors of PTG.…”
ResultThe prevalence of posttraumatic stress in adolescents eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake
Du, B., Ma, X., Ou, X., Jin, Y., Ren, P., & Li, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.019 · Cited by 70
Positive psychological functioning in breast cancer: An integrative review
Casellas‐Grau, A., Vives, J., Font, A., & Ochoa, C. (2016) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2016.04.001 · Cited by 69
“18 disruptive than their older peers (around 60 years of age) [40,64]).”
BackgroundInfluentialYi, J., & Kim, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21941 · Cited by 64
Elderly cancer patients’ psychopathology: A systematic review
Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Gennimata, V., & Mystakidou, K. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.008 · Cited by 62
The salience of existential concerns across the cancer control continuum
Lee, V., & Loiselle, C. G. (2012) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951511000745 · Cited by 62
“…of one’s mortality may have adaptive value by dramatically changing one’s life priorities to initiate the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth (Cordova et al., 2001; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004; Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Holland & Weiss, 2008; Jim & Jacobsen, 2008; Park, 2008; Park et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPosttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: a comparison of volunteers and non‐volunteers
Cohen, M. W., & Numa, M. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1709 · Cited by 68
Zhai, J., Newton, J., & Copnell, B. (2019) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2019.1578360 · Cited by 62
“Younger women were found to be more likely to have a higher self-perceived PTG score than older women in three studies (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Boyle, Stanton, Ganz, & Bower, 2017; Cordova et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHo, S. M. Y., Chan, M., Yau, T. K., & Yeung, R. M. W. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903287926 · Cited by 64
“However, the association is generally weak and inconsistent results have been found (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006 ).”
ResultCancer’s positive flip side: posttraumatic growth after childhood cancer
for the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG), Gianinazzi, M. E., Rueegg, C. S., Vetsch, J., Lüer, S. C., Kuehni, C. E., & Michel, G. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2746-1 · Cited by 59
Post-traumatic growth in breast cancer: how and when do distress and stress contribute?
Groarke, A., Curtis, R., Groarke, J. M., Hogan, M., Gibbons, A., & Kerin, M. J. (2016) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4243 · Cited by 61
“Moreover, studies using other measures of cancer stress (eg, disease threat and concerns) found a relationship between higher cancer stress and higher PTG cross‐sectionally.(14,15) Findings in the present study extend previous research and provide some additional support for the idea that struggle with a challenging i…”
ResultOgińska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2015) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00323 · Cited by 76
Rural and urban breast cancer patients: health locus of control and psychological adjustment
Bettencourt, B. A., Talley, A. E., Molix, L. A., Schlegel, R. J., & Westgate, S. J. (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1315 · Cited by 56
“Other studies of breast cancer patients have identified age [64], education [65], marital status [66], and the experience of the death of a close other [67] as demographics that influence well-being among breast cancer patients; therefore, these were entered as control variables.”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Stress, Posttraumatic Growth, and Satisfaction With Life in Military Veterans
Morgan, J. K., Desmarais, S. L., Mitchell, R. E., & Simons-Rudolph, J. M. (2017) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000182 · Cited by 68
Evaluation of the Dispositional Hope Scale in injury survivors
Creamer, M. C., O'Donnell, M. L., Carboon, I., Lewis, V. J., Densley, K., McFARLANE, A. C., Silove, D. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.002 · Cited by 53
Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth Following Cancer
Cordova, M. J. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118269718.ch10 · Cited by 53
Li, Y., Cao, F., Cao, D., Wang, Q., & Cui, N. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.07.005 · Cited by 58
Harding, S. A., Sanipour, F., & Moss, T. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.256 · Cited by 52
Posttraumatic growth, quality of life, and treatment symptoms among cancer chemotherapy outpatients.
Arpawong, T. E., Richeimer, S. H., Weinstein, F. M., Elghamrawy, A., & Milam, J. E. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028223 · Cited by 52
Post-traumatic Growth among Cardiac Outpatients
Leung, Y. W., Gravely‐Witte, S., Macpherson, A., Irvine, J., Stewart, D. E., & Grace, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309360577 · Cited by 52
“With regard to breast cancer, several studies (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Linley & Joseph, 2004) in the literature have reported greater PTG in female when compared to male patients, and this may explain the higher scores in breast cancer when compared to our cardiac sample consisting of just over…”
BackgroundResultAdaptation and validation of the dispositional hope scale for adolescents
Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., Zanon, C., & Hutz, C. S. (2013) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722013000300008 · Cited by 51
“Other results indicate that Hope is positively related to overall life satisfaction (Roesch & Vaughn, 2006; Valle, Huebner, & Suldo, 2004), being associated with effi cient strategies of coping with and resolving problems (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006; Chang, 2003).”
ResultPurc‐Stephenson, R. J. (2014) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035353 · Cited by 51
Ochoa, C., Sánchez, N., Sumalla, E. C., & Casellas‐Grau, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00177 · Cited by 52
“Furthermore, PTG has been directly linked to the patient’s active coping strategy (Bellizzi and Blank, 2006; Lelorain et al., 2012; Svetina and Nastran, 2012; Tong et al., 2012; Danhauer et al., 2013) problem solving (Widows et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellizzi, K. M., & Blank, T. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-56
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2069738126
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 11.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Keywords
- posttraumatic growth, breast cancer survivors, predictors of growth, age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, active coping, psychosocial adjustment, post-traumatic stress disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms, Connecticut, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Survivors
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