Functional beliefs about smoking and quitting activity among adult smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey.

Yong, Hua-Hie; Borland, Ron

doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3(suppl.).s216

Cited by 44Smoking Behavior and CessationBehavioral Health and InterventionsSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Functional beliefs about smoking and quitting activity among adult smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey.

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Yong, Hua-Hie, Borland, Ron·2008·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.27.3(suppl.).s216PMC PMC4600630

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties, distributions, and predictive utility for quitting behavior of six functional beliefs about smoking among adult smokers. DESIGN: Data was from the first three waves of the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey (ITC-4), a random-digit dialed telephone survey of a cohort of over 8,000 adult current smokers from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and Australia followed up annually. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quitting attempts and the success of such attempts at the next wave. RESULTS: The six functional belief measures are modestly correlated with each other and are moderately stable over time. Smoking for enjoyment and life enhancement were significantly negatively related to quitting attempts, at least partly mediated by quitting intention and dependence. Smoking for stress management appeared to reduce quit success among those who tried, an effect mediated by quitting self-efficacy and dependence. Smoking for weight control, social facilitation, and as an aid to concentration were not independently associated with cessation. CONCLUSION: Positive reasons for smoking may discourage quitting, but stress management is the only function that appears to prospectively predict quit success. Interventions should target those beliefs, and review the value of intervening on beliefs that are unrelated to cessation outcomes.

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Wanting to smoke (enjoyment of smoking) deters quit attempts while needing to smoke (anticipated relief from nicotine hunger) and cue-driven impulses to smoke (experienced as 'urges') lead to relapse after the quit attempt has been started.
“There is evidence emerging that wanting to smoke (enjoyment of smoking) deters quit attempts while needing to smoke (anticipated relief from nicotine hunger) and cue driven impulses to smoke (experienced as 'urges') lead to relapse after the quit attempt has been started (18,24).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [24]
A smoker who feels miserable and wants to be 'cheered' up, or who is stressed and needs to feel better, will on those occasions experience a want or need to smoke.
“Thus, a smoker who feels miserable and wants to be 'cheered' up, or who is stressed and needs to feel better will on those occasions experience a want or need to smoke (24).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [24]
Late relapse may involve continuing impulses and needs in a minority of heavily addicted smokers, but beliefs that smoking helps relieve stress can provoke relapse, presumably in response to stressful events.
“Late relapse may involve continuing impulses and needs in a minority of heavily addicted smokers, but it also appears that beliefs that smoking helps relieve stress can provoke relapse, presumably in response to stressful events (24).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [24]

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Authors: Yong, H.-H., & Borland, R.
Affiliations: Cancer Council Victoria (AU)
ORCID: Yong, Hua-Hie
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008-05
Volume: 27
Issue: 3, Suppl
Pages: S216-S223
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.3(suppl.).s216
PMC: PMC4600630
OpenAlex: W1984981247
Cited by: 44
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (P50 CA111236, R01 CA100362)
Canadian Institutes for Health Research (57897)
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (045734)
Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (265903)
Cancer Research U.K. (C312/A3726)
Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing
National Cancer Institute of Canada/Canadian Cancer Society
Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: smoking cessation, quitting behavior, stress management, social facilitation, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation intentions, psychometric properties
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Adult, Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Motivation, North America, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Smoking, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Smoking Cessation

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Functional beliefs about smoking and quitting activity among adult smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey.

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