Disruption to word or letter processing? The origins of case-mixing effects
Abstract
MiXeD-cAsE stimuli have long been used to test whether word recognition is based on holistic visual information or preliminary letter identification. However, without knowing which properties of mixed-case stimuli disrupt processing, it is not possible to determine which visual units mediate word recognition. The present studies examined the effects of case mixing on word and nonword naming as a function of (a) whether spaces were inserted between letters and (b) whether letter size was alternated independent of letter case. The results suggest that case-mixing disruption effects are due to at least 2 factors: the introduction of inappropriate grouping between letters with the same size and case, and the disruption of transletter features. The data support a model of visual lexical access based on the input from multiple visually based units.
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We are able to recognize words across considerable changes in font, case, location, and size.
“We are able to recognize words across considerable changes in font , CASE, location , and size.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Mayall et al., 1997
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Alonso-Bernal, N., Alonso, J. G., Gómez, P., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-57876-6
- Authors
- Mayall, K., Humphreys, G. W., & Olson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Olson, Andrew
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1275-1286
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W1979822206
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- word recognition, letter recognition, letter spacing, letter size, visual word processing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Reading, Size Perception
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