Cited by 1,511Memory Processes and InfluencesDeception detection and forensic psychologyCognitive Functions and Memory

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Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory

Loftus, Elizabeth F., Miller, David G., Burns, Helen J.·1978·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

DOI 10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19

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Abstract

A total of 1,242 subjects, in five experiments plus a pilot study, saw a series of slides depicting a single auto-pedestrian accident. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate how information supplied after an event influences a witness's memory for that event. Subjects were exposed to either consistent, misleading, or irrelevant information after the accident event. Misleading information produced less accurate responding on both a yes-no and a two-alternative forced-choice recognition test. Further, misleading information had a larger impact if introduced just prior to a final test rather than immediately after the initial event. The effects of misleading information cannot be accounted for by a simple demand-characteristics explanation. Overall, the results suggest that information to which a witness is exposed after an event, whether that information is consistent or misleading, is integrated into the witness's memory of the event.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19

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Authors: Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Loftus, Elizabeth F.
Miller, David G.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1978
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-31
ISSN: 0096-1515 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19
OpenAlex: W2103430676
Cited by: 1,511
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 7.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: eyewitness memory, misleading postevent information, post-event information, semantic integration, visual memory, recognition memory, demand characteristics, memory distortion
MeSH terms: Auditory Perception, Concept Formation, Humans, Memory, Memory Disorders, Mental Recall, Visual Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks