Cited by 1,511Memory Processes and InfluencesDeception detection and forensic psychologyCognitive Functions and Memory

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Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory

Loftus, Elizabeth F., Miller, David G., Burns, Helen J.·1978·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

DOI 10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19

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Abstract

A total of 1,242 subjects, in five experiments plus a pilot study, saw a series of slides depicting a single auto-pedestrian accident. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate how information supplied after an event influences a witness's memory for that event. Subjects were exposed to either consistent, misleading, or irrelevant information after the accident event. Misleading information produced less accurate responding on both a yes-no and a two-alternative forced-choice recognition test. Further, misleading information had a larger impact if introduced just prior to a final test rather than immediately after the initial event. The effects of misleading information cannot be accounted for by a simple demand-characteristics explanation. Overall, the results suggest that information to which a witness is exposed after an event, whether that information is consistent or misleading, is integrated into the witness's memory of the event.

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Authors: Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Loftus, Elizabeth F.
Miller, David G.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1978
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-31
ISSN: 0096-1515 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19
OpenAlex: W2103430676
Cited by: 1,511
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 7.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: eyewitness memory, misleading postevent information, post-event information, semantic integration, visual memory, recognition memory, demand characteristics, memory distortion
MeSH terms: Auditory Perception, Concept Formation, Humans, Memory, Memory Disorders, Mental Recall, Visual Perception

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory

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