Recognizing facial cues: individual discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
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Faces are one of the most salient classes of stimuli involved in social communication. Three experiments compared face-recognition abilities in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In the face-matching task, the chimpanzees matched identical photographs of conspecifics' faces on Trial 1, and the rhesus monkeys did the same after 4 generalization trials. In the individual-recognition task, the chimpanzees matched 2 different photographs of the same individual after 2 trials, and the rhesus monkeys generalized in fewer than 6 trials. The feature-masking task showed that the eyes were the most important cue for individual recognition. Thus, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys are able to use facial cues to discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics. Although the rhesus monkeys required many trials to learn the tasks, this is not evidence that faces are not as important social stimuli for them as for the chimpanzees.
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Monkeys Q, Z, and G spent 39.1%, 26.8%, and 17.2% of time fixating the eyes of movie monkeys, even though the eyes occupied only 2.6% of the video frames.
“even though the eyes occupied only 2.6% of the video frames, monkeys Q, Z, and G spent 39.1%, 26.8%, and 17.2% fixating them.”
From Neurons in the Monkey Amygdala Detect Eye Contact during Naturalistic Social Interactions (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
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Preferences for Symmetry in Conspecific Facial Shape Among Macaca mulatta
Waitt, C. D., & Little, A. C. (2006) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-005-9015-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Human facial discrimination in horses: can they tell us apart?
Stone, S. M. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0244-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Beyond Odor Discrimination: Demonstrating Individual Recognition by Scent in Lemur Catta
Palagi, E. (2006) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjj048 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Individual recognition and the ‘face inversion effect’ in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)
Wang, M.-Y., & Takeuchi, H. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24728 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Do great apes use emotional expressions to infer desires?
Buttelmann, D., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00802.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Automated face recognition of rhesus macaques
Witham, C. L. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.020 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
In what sense are dogs special? Canine cognition in comparative context
Lea, S. E. G., & Osthaus, B. (2018) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0349-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Default Mode Network in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is Similar to That of Humans
Barks, S. K., Parr, L. A., & Rilling, J. K. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht253 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The ability to recognize dog emotions depends on the cultural milieu in which we grow up
Amici, F., Waterman, J. O., Kellermann, C. M., Karimullah, K., & Bräuer, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52938-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Longer fixation duration while viewing face images
Guo, K., Mahmoodi, S., Robertson, R. G., & Young, M. P. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0248-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Discrimination of Faces and Their Emotional Content by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Parr, L. A. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wascher, C. A. F., Szipl, G., Boeckle, M., & Wilkinson, A. (2012) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0508-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neuroethology of decision-making
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Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) lack expertise in face processing.
Parr, L. A., Heintz, M. R., & Pradhan, G. R. (2008) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.390 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neiworth, J. J., Burman, M. A., Basile, B. M., & Lickteig, M. T. (2002) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.116.1.3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cattle discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics by using only head visual cues
Coulon, M., Baudoin, C., Heyman, Y., & Deputte, B. L. (2010) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-010-0361-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Learning and limits of use of eye gaze by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in an object-choice task.
Vick, S., & Anderson, J. R. (2000) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.2.200 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Martin-Malivel, J., & Okada, K. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1145 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Correlation between Facial Pattern Recognition and Brain Composition in Paper Wasps
Gronenberg, W., Ash, L. E., & Tibbetts, E. A. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000108607 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Specialized Networks for Social Cognition in the Primate Brain
Deen, B., Schwiedrzik, C. M., Sliwa, J., & Freiwald, W. A. (2023) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102522-121410 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neuropeptides and non‐human primate social deficits associated with pathogenic rearing experience
Winslow, J. (2004) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.03.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Impact of Cognitive Testing on the Welfare of Group Housed Primates
Whitehouse, J., Micheletta, J., Powell, L. E., Bordier, C., & Waller, B. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078308 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The application of noninvasive, restraint-free eye-tracking methods for use with nonhuman primates
Hopper, L. M., Gulli, R. A., Howard, L. H., Kano, F., Krupenye, C., Ryan, A. M., & Paukner, A. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01465-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ivanov, M., Sergyienko, O., Tyrsa, V. V., Lindner, L., Flores‐Fuentes, W., Rodriguez-Quinonez, J. C., Hernández, W., & Mercorelli, P. (2020) · IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica · doi:10.1109/jas.2020.1003027 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sliwa, J., Planté, A., Duhamel, J., & Wirth, S. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu257 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Facial expression perception: an objective outcome measure for treatment studies in mood disorders?
Venn, H., Watson, S., Gallagher, P., & Young, A. H. (2005) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145705006012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Parr, L. A., Heintz, M. R., Lonsdorf, E. V., & Wroblewski, E. E. (2010) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020545 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Face recognition in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).
Pokorny, J. J., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2009) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014073 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Three studies on configural face processing by chimpanzees
Parr, L. A., Heintz, M. R., & Akamagwuna, U. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Estradiol selectively affects processing of conspecifics’ faces in female rhesus monkeys
Agnès Lacreuse, A., & Herndon, J. G. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00104-x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Group and kin recognition via olfactory cues in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Henkel, S., & Setchell, J. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1527 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Adult but not juvenile Barbary macaques spontaneously recognize group members from pictures
Schell, A., Rieck, K., Schell, K., Hammerschmidt, K., & Fischer, J. (2011) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-011-0383-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rhesus Monkeys See Who They Hear: Spontaneous Cross-Modal Memory for Familiar Conspecifics
Adachi, I., & Hampton, R. R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023345 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
How macaques view familiarity and gaze in conspecific faces.
Leonard, T. K., Blumenthal, G., Gothard, K. M., & Hoffman, K. L. (2012) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0030348 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chimpanzees gesture to humans in mirrors: using reflection to dissociate seeing from line of gaze
Lurz, R. W., Krachun, C., Mahovetz, L. M., Wilson, M., & Hopkins, W. D. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.11.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dahl, C. D., Rasch, M. J., Tomonaga, M., & Adachi, I. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02504 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Facial expressions in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and their use by conspecifics
Kemp, C., & Kaplan, G. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0611-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Haskal, S., Netser, S., Magalnik, H., Briller, M., Marzan, D., Glatt, S., Abergel, Y., & Wagner, S. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105859 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
New Developments in Understanding Emotional Facial Signals in Chimpanzees
Parr, L. A., Waller, B. M., & Vick, S. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00487.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Apes' use of iconic cues in the object-choice task
Herrmann, E., Melis, A. P., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-005-0013-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
On the Possibility of Animal Empathy
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582.022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Part-Based and Configural Processing of Owner's Face in Dogs
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Thome, I., Alanis, J. C. G., Volk, J., Vogelbacher, C., Steinsträter, O., & Jansen, A. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119587 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
McLeman, M. A., Mendl, M., Jones, R. B., & Wathes, C. M. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.06.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Transfer between views of conspecific faces at different ages or in different orientations by sheep
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Conserved evolutionary history for quick detection of threatening faces
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The use of perceptual features in categorization by orangutans (Pongo abelli)
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Individual memory and the emergence of cooperation
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Bonobos and chimpanzees preferentially attend to familiar members of the dominant sex
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The Perception of Unfamiliar Faces and Houses by Chimpanzees: Influence of Rotation Angle
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Initial fixation placement in face images is driven by top–down guidance
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Developmental processes in face perception
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Do monkeys compare themselves to others?
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Evolution of stress responses refine mechanisms of social rank
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Prioritization of emotional faces is not driven by emotional content
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- Authors
- Parr, L. A., Winslow, J. T., Hopkins, W. D., & de Waal, F. B. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of comparative psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-60
- ISSN
- 0093-4127 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2087
- 0735-7036
- PMC
- PMC2018744
- OpenAlex
- W2106317740
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of comparative psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01rr009797-05, NINDS-29574)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS036605, R01NS042867)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, R01-RR-09797, P51RR000165)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD038051)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- face recognition (cognition), individual recognition, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, facial cues, social communication, primate cognition, feature masking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Pan troglodytes, Discrimination Learning, Facial Expression, Female, Macaca mulatta, Male, Perceptual Masking, Mental Recall, Social Perception, Species Specificity
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