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Activities and well-being in older age: Effects of self-concept and educational attainment.
Abstract
The positive effect of activities on well-being is proposed to be mediated by self-conceptualizations and facilitated by socioeconomic status. The hypothesized processes were estimated with LISREL VIII using data from a large cross-sectional survey with a sample of 679 adults aged 65 and older who were representative of older adults living in the Detroit area. Findings indicate that the frequency of performing both leisure and productive activities yields an effect on physical health and depression and that these effects are mediated in part by a sense of self as agentic, but less clearly by a sense of self as social. Furthermore, socioeconomic status, operationalized as formal educational attainment, facilitates the effect of leisure to a greater extent than that of productive activities.
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“A survey of 679 older adults found a significant correlation between the number of social activities and levels of depression, and that leisure activity had a particularly high effect on reducing depression.9”
From AD-venture program: Therapeutic biking for the treatment of depression in long-term care residents with dementia (2002) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“However, less strenuous leisure activities, such as attending classes or volunteering, also have been associated with better functioning (Berkman et al., 1995;Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998) and survival (Glass, Mendes de Leon, Marottoli, & Berkman, 1999) among older adults.”
From Relationship of activity and social support to the functional health of older adults (2000) · cites this paper as Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998
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“Participation in productive or social activities fulfills a meaningful social or economic role, which could potentially sustain a person’s self-concept of usefulness and competence (25).”
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A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life
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“This finding is similar to those of recent studies that have found associations between less strenuous activities and better functioning (Glass et al., 1999; Herzog et al., 1998).”
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“Engaging in social activities is particularly beneficial for older adults if they perceive themselves as agentic during their performance (Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998).”
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“Other research suggests that respondents who are low in education should have less elaborated selves and should score low on positive attributes and high on negative attributes (Herzog et al., 1998).”
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“Volunteering also contributes to enhanced self-esteem, sense of personal control, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction (Harlow and Cantor 1996; Herzog et al. 1998; Krause, Herzog, and Baker 1992; Thoits and Hewitt 2001; Van Willigen 2000; Wheeler, Gorey, and Greenblatt 1998).”
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“This role could potentially give an older person a sense of value and belonging.(36) This sense of value, be it to family, friends, or community, may give an elderly person strong motivation to maintain independent functional performance.”
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“Comparably, Herzog et al. (1998) show that doing leisure activities is associated with personality traits that promote individualism but not associated with a sense of social belonging among the elderly.”
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“This is in line with the results of other studies conducted in Western countries (e.g., Camacho et al., 1991; Hassmen et al., 2000; Herzog et al., 1998, Lampinen et al., 2000; Ross & Hayes, 1988).”
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“…in late life has been found to have positive physical, functional, and mental health outcomes for older volunteers (Harlow and Cantor 1996; Herzog et al. 1998; Lum and Lightfoot 2005; Musick, Herzog and House 1999; Oman, Thoreson and McMahon 1999; Thoits and Hewitt 2001; Van Willigen…”
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“While these scales may overcome the negative stigmas associated with being lonely, they still depend on episodic self-report which is subject to desirability bias [14], [15], memory problems [16], and under or over estimation [17].”
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“The items were originally pre-tested by Herzog and colleagues who derived them from a larger focus group study of how people define themselves in terms of socio-demographic descriptors, social roles, interests, personality characteristics and interpersonal attributes (Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998 ).”
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Spring, K., Dietz, N., & Robert Grimm, Jr. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e404422008-001 · Cited by 90
Dupuis, S. L., & Alzheimer, M. (2008) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/04419057.2008.9674538 · Cited by 93
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“Herzog et al. (1998) Copyright # 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28: 1157–1165 RESEARCH ARTICLE observed that frequent engagement in productive and leisure activities improves physical health and reduces the risk of depression in older people.”
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Real-Time Associations Between Engaging in Leisure and Daily Health and Well-Being
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“Other studies conducted with different sampling groups and at different times also support this result (Chen, 2001 ; Everard, Lach, Fisher, & Baum, 2000 ; Gabriel & Bowling, 2004 ; Heppe & Ray, 1983 ; Herzog, Markus, Franks, & Holmberg, 1998 ; Kelly, Steinkamp & Kelly, 1987 ; Raghep & Griffith, 1982 ; Riddick, 1985a ;…”
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“Participation in social groups may also provide and reinforce meaningful social roles, thereby providing a sense of value and belonging to an older adult’s post-retirement life [43,44].”
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“10 Participation in social activities may sustain the individual’s self-concept of usefulness and competence, 31 which may lead to crucial health outcomes.”
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“These examples illustrate that older people are adept at one skill postulated to be characteristic of positive psychology, namely, the ability to be self-directed and selforganising ( Herzog et al., 1998; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).”
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“) and social participation ( Herzog et al. , 1998”
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“Studies have shown that adults' involvement in leisure activities is associated with improved physical health and functioning ( Avlund et al, 2004 ; DiPietro, 2001 ) and improved mental health and well-being ( Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998 ; Iwasaki & Smale, 1998 ).”
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“Firstly, the positive effects of social participation on depression and well-being in the literature have often depended on both the frequency and subjective appraisal of the quality of such activities [26, 27].”
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“Moreover, being involved in everyday occupations influences agency (20), and conversely agency can be seen as a requisite for being part of and involved in various activities (19).”
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Siette, J., Georgiou, A., Brayne, C., & Westbrook, J. I. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104083 · Cited by 35
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“…the joint effect of volunteering and number of chronic health conditions on positive affect and resilience could reflect other dimensions of the self such as sense of belonging (Midlarsky & Kahana, 1994), sense of mattering (Piliavin & Siegl, 2007), and agentic self-concept (Herzog et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDaily Activities and Happiness in Later Life: The Role of Work Status
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“We conceptualized effortful daily activities as meaningful productive activities that aimed to provide a product or a service (Herzog et al. 1998).”
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“…adults in the community have the potential to expand their social interactions and gain educational and creative opportunities, which may assist in maintaining quality of life [38, 39], improve functional health outcomes (activities of daily living) [40] and preserve cognitive performance [37].”
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“Study 2 (Herzog, 1998) also found that individuals who engaged in leisure activity had decreased levels of depression.”
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Duncan, J. M., Killian, T. S., & Lucier‐Greer, M. (2017) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2017.1326764 · Cited by 22
“This study augments the current literature that investigates the impact of leisure activity on older adults’ and the influence this has on their well-being (Austin et al., 2006; Dupuis & Smale, 1995; Everard et al., 2000; Gautam et al., 2007; Glass et al., 1999; Hebblethwaite & Curley, 2015; Herzog et al., 1998; Lampi…”
BackgroundGarcía‐Martín, M. Á., Jacinto, L. G., & Martimportugués-Goyenechea, C. (2004) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1300/j016v28n03_02 · Cited by 22
An Exploration of the Happiness-enhancing Activities Engaged in by Older Adults
Henricksen, A., & Stephens, C. V. (2010) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-010-9059-y · Cited by 22
Mjelde-Mossey, L. A., & Chi, I. (2004) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1300/j051v13n04_03 · Cited by 21
Locus of control and self-directed learning as predictors of wellbeing in the elderly
Gardner, D., & Helmes, E. (1999) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050069908257436 · Cited by 21
Family, Public Policy, and Retirement Decisions
Johnson, R. W. (2008) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027508328307 · Cited by 20
“Although the evidence is not definitive (Bound and Waidmann 2007), several studies have found that working at older ages improves both emotional well-being and physical health, even when other factors are held constant (Calvo 2006; Cohen 2004; Herzog et al. 1998; Herzog, House, and Morgan 1991).”
Are leisure activity and health interconnected after retirement: Educational differences
Wetzel, M., & Huxhold, O. (2016) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2016.03.007 · Cited by 20
Health-Related Social Disengagement in Elderly Diabetic Patients
Kuo, Y., Raji, M. A., Peek, M. K., & Goodwin, J. S. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1630 · Cited by 18
Siedlecki, K. L., Tatarina, O., Sanders, L. L., Albert, M., Blacker, D., Dubois, B., Brandt, J., & Stern, Y. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp071 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Herzog, A. R., Franks, M. M., Markus, H. R., & Holmberg, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-185
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W1988126721
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag008279-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG08279)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- older adults, leisure, productive activities, well-being, self-concept, social self, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, physical health, depression, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Educational Status, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Human Activities, Leisure Activities, Male, Mental Health, Michigan, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Identification, Urban Health, Causality, Likelihood Functions, Databases, Factual
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