Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors.
Open accessAbstract
This study examines Black, Latino, Asian American, American Indian and Biracial participants' (N = 260) emotional and psychological reactions to encounters with racism, and the help-seeking strategies they used to deal with those reactions. This class of participants is important to study because its members are likely to live and/or work in racially diverse environments. Participants who reported direct experiences with racism had higher levels of anxiety, guilt/shame, hypervigilance, and positive emotions than those who did not. Racial harassment (hostility) was associated with more hypervigilant and anxious reactions than racial discrimination (avoidance). Help-seeking patterns indicated that people of Color were more likely to seek help from friends and family than from mental health professionals. Practice and research implications are addressed.
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These behaviors, intentional or not, given their repetitive, intrusive, and pernicious nature, cause hypervigilance within BIPOC individuals.
“These behaviors, intentional or not, given their repetitive, intrusive, and pernicious nature, cause hypervigilance within BIPOC individuals”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Carter & Forsyth, 2010
The constant characteristic of racial trauma creates a racial hypervigilance that surrounds the lives of racialized people and threatens their psychological integrity.
“This constant characteristic of racial trauma creates a racial hypervigilance that surrounds the lives of racialized people and threatens their psychological integrity (Carter & Forsyth, 2010).”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Carter & Forsyth, 2010
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- Authors
- Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- ORCID
- Carter, Robert T.
- Venue
- Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 183-191
- ISSN
- 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-969X
- OpenAlex
- W1989522204
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 12.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, racism, help-seeking, emotional stress, anxiety, guilt and shame, hypervigilance, positive emotions, racial harassment, people of color, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, biracial individuals, social support
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